I. Distribution and characteristics of manganese ore resources in China

Manganese is China's dominant mineral. By the end of 2007, the country had retained 793 million tons of proven reserves of manganese ore. Among them, the basic reserves that can be used as the basis for mining design were 224 million tons, accounting for 28.3%. According to the amount of production in 2007 and the actual recovery rate, the static guarantee period is 26 years.

China's manganese ore resources have the following characteristics:

(1) The distribution of resource reserves is quite concentrated

China's manganese ore resources are widely distributed. There are 23 provinces and municipalities in the country with resource reserves, but the identified resource reserves are mainly concentrated in the south. Among the 9 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities with resources with a reserve of more than 10 million tons, the identified resources in the six provinces of Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing and Hubei in the south are 66.78 million tons, accounting for 84.2% of the nationally identified resource reserves. In the northern region, only Liaoning, Shaanxi, and Xinjiang provinces have identified 64.3 million tons of resource reserves, accounting for 8.1% of the country's identified resource reserves; 732.1 million tons, accounting for 92.3% of the national total. The two provinces with the most resource reserves are Guangxi and Hunan. The proven resource reserves are more than 100 million tons, and the resource reserves in the two provinces account for 55.5% of the national total.

(2) More lean ore, less rich ore

China's manganese ore resources are mainly lean ore, and there are few rich ore. The average manganese grade in manganese ore in the country is only 21.4%. Among them, the reserves of poor ore graded resources with medium and medium grades are 754 million tons, accounting for all identified resource reserves. More than 95% need to be upgraded by ore dressing to improve the grade; while the manganese ore grade is above 30%, the manganese carbonate ore manganese grade is above 25%, and the reserves of rich ore resources that can be directly used without beneficiation are only 38.85 million tons. All identified 5% of the resource reserves.

(3) The ore type is mainly composed of manganese carbonate ore, and the composition is difficult to select.

There are three main types of manganese ore in China. For the purpose of identifying resource reserves, manganese carbonate ore is the main source. The proven reserves of such manganese ore are 44.325 million tons, accounting for 55.9% of the total identified resources. The manganese oxide ore is the second. The resource reserves were found to be 98.20 million tons, accounting for 25.2% of the total identified reserves; the other types of manganese ore were 149.86 million tons, accounting for 18.9% of the total identified resources. In fact, many manganese oxide ore deposits on the bed of manganese carbonate have been collected, and the lower manganese carbonate ore must be converted to underground mining, which greatly increases the mining cost.

China's manganese ore stone composition is complex, mineral particles are generally fine and difficult to select, and technical processing performance is poor. The content of phosphorus , sulfur, iron , silicon, cobalt and nickel in the ore is high. Under normal circumstances, phosphorus and sulfur are harmful elements; cobalt and nickel are beneficial elements; iron and silicon need to be analyzed according to different situations and specific problems.

(4) The scale of the deposit is mainly small and medium-sized, and the scale is small.

China's manganese deposits are mainly small and medium-sized, and there are few large-scale manganese mines with a reserve of more than 100 million tons. There is only one mine in Guangxi, and there are 6 large-scale manganese mines with reserves of 20 million to 100 million tons. The reserves are between 2 million and 20 million. There are 54 medium-sized manganese ore mines, and the others are small. There are 362 manganese ore districts in the country, with an average size of only 2.19 million tons. In most of the world's manganese resource countries, there is usually only one or a few large deposits. Due to the small scale of the deposit, it is suitable for small-scale mining and the production concentration is poor. In 2007, there were 617 manganese mining enterprises in the country, including 16 large enterprises, accounting for 2.59% of manganese mining enterprises; 33 medium-sized enterprises, accounting for 5.35%; and 399 small enterprises, accounting for 92.06%. In addition, there are 169 small mines that are classified as small mines because of their small size. In fact, there are still a large number of group mining sites that are not counted.

2. Status and import and export of manganese ore development and utilization

After years of development, it has basically formed into the southwest of Guangxi, the Sichuan-Yunnan-Xiangxiang junction area, the Zunyi area, the Liaoning Chaoyang area, the Hunan Yunling area, the southeastern Yunnan area, the Xiangzhong area, the southern Shaanxi Chuanbei Chengkou area, and the Guangxi Guiping area. Large manganese ore development concentration area. The output of manganese ore dropped sharply after reaching a peak of 7.66 million tons in 1996. In 1999, the output was only 3.186 million tons, and then recovered. In 2000, it was 3.514 million tons, and in 2005 it reached 8.288 million tons. The average annual growth rate is 17.3%. However, the output has declined in recent years. In 2006, the output was 6.868 million tons, down 17.1% from the previous year. In 2007, it recovered slightly, to 6.921 million tons, up 0.77% over the previous year.

Due to the insufficient supply of high-quality high-quality manganese ore, China needs to import a large number of commercial-grade manganese-rich ore from abroad. In 2006, China imported 6.207 million tons of manganese ore, with a use of 647.77 million US dollars, the unit price of 104.04 US dollars / ton, equivalent to 860 yuan / ton. In 2007, manganese ore imports increased to 6.634 million tons, an increase of 6.88%. At the same time, the export of ferromanganese was 251,500 tons, down by 11.56% year-on-year; the export of silicomanganese was 844,300 tons, an increase of 63% year-on-year. In addition, there are about 300,000 tons of manganese metal export.

Third, the country's macro-control policies and the impact on the manganese industry

After joining the World Trade Organization, the state mainly relies on the implementation of macro-control policies to continuously improve the support capacity of mineral resources for sustainable economic development and promote the coordinated development of the social economy.

(1) Active mineral resources survey and evaluation and exploration policy

The state encourages the use of multi-channel social funds to carry out exploration of mineral resources with market demand as the guide and economic benefits as the goal.

Encourage the exploration of mineral resources in the economically underdeveloped areas with resource potential in the central and western regions, remote and minority areas, and encourage mining enterprises to conduct mineral resources exploration in the mining areas, especially in the periphery and deep of resource-depleted mining areas. Increase backup resources to reduce production decline.

Manganese ore is a dominant mineral in the prospect of prospecting in China. The state has included manganese ore as a key mineral for encouraging exploration and incorporated it into the Land Resources Survey Fund project. The focus is on finding high-quality manganese ore in areas such as the handover area and the western part of western Hunan. The so-called high-quality manganese ore refers to manganese ore that is available for industrial use with low harmful impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus and arsenic .

In fact, this policy has achieved good prospecting results since its implementation. In 2005, the exploration of proven reserves of manganese ore increased by 26.87 million tons. In 2006, the newly discovered resource reserves were 49.77 million tons. Among them, the newly identified mines with resource reserves increased by more than 5 million tons were: Mugui Manganese Mine, Guiping City, Guangxi. District (10.19 million tons), Minle Manganese Mine in Huali County, Hunan Province (7.33 million tons), Dongping Manganese Mining Area (6.14 million tons) in Tianxian County, Guangxi Province; in 2007, the newly discovered manganese ore identified resource reserves of 19.79 million tons. These discovered manganese mines are believed to be developed and utilized in the near future.

The state encourages social funds to invest in the commercial exploration of manganese ore, especially the exploration of high-quality manganese ore. When social funds enter the field, they are mainly realized through exploration rights trading, and the transaction of exploration rights is often accompanied by risks. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to prevent such risks, especially to prevent commercial fraud in the exploration rights transaction.

(II) Mineral resources development and utilization policy

Manganese is China's dominant mineral, but due to some characteristics of the resource itself, for example, small scale, low grade, easy to use oxidized ore, most ore needs beneficiation, ore composition is complex and difficult to select, so the production cost is high, and Compared with the manganese resource countries in the world, they are basically not competitive. For a long time, manganese ore production is far from meeting domestic demand and there is a serious shortage, requiring a large amount of imports every year. To this end, the state has listed manganese ore as a shortage of minerals that encourage mining.

In order to improve the ability of the shortage of minerals such as manganese ore to support the development of the national economy, the state will formulate and implement preferential policies in various aspects such as investment and financing, fiscal and taxation policies, encourage commercial investment in manganese ore exploration and development, and scientifically and rationally improve mine production capacity. To protect the needs of the national economy for manganese ore.

The state encourages social funds to invest in the commercial development of manganese ore. When social funds enter the field, they mainly go through two channels. First, the exploration rights are obtained through the transfer of prospecting rights. After successful exploration, the mining rights are preferentially obtained. Second, the mineral deposits are directly purchased through the mining rights trading market. Social funds should pay special attention to its legitimacy when conducting such commercial activities. In particular, it is necessary to pay attention to whether the mineral deposits have been included in the local government's mineral resources development plan in order to smoothly obtain the corresponding mine mining land.

In the development and utilization of the link, the state mainly regulates the production of manganese ore by collecting resource taxes, resource compensation fees and production-related value-added tax. Affected by the international financial crisis, the demand for manganese ore products in the domestic and international markets has dropped sharply, and prices have fallen sharply. The steps to pay for the use of mineral resources reserves that were originally planned to be implemented and implemented in order to implement the system of paid use of reserves may be slowed down. On the other hand, the reform of the value-added tax on production will soon be fully implemented nationwide. The value-added tax has changed from production to consumption, which has greatly increased the VAT deduction of mines, which is obviously beneficial to the development of manganese mining.

(3) Strict mineral resources protection policy

The general principle is that the scale of mining must be compatible with the size of the mineral reserves in the mining area. It is strictly forbidden to open small mines, open more mines, and indiscriminately excavate. Determine and control the minimum mining scale of the mining area according to local conditions. For new mineral resources mining projects, it is necessary to strictly examine the development and utilization plans of mineral resources to ensure the scale mining and intensive use of mineral resources. In the production mines where the scale of mining is significantly inconsistent with the scale of reserves in the mining area and the resources are seriously damaged, the production period is limited, in accordance with the requirements of establishing a modern enterprise system, unified planning, rectification and joint, and the road of large-scale and intensive production.

According to the research results and recommendations of the experts of the China Mining Association, the Ministry of Land and Resources will soon introduce the minimum mining scale of the mine as a policy measure for macroeconomic regulation and control in the field of mineral resources. Among them, the minimum mining scale of manganese mines is set at 20,000 tons of ore/year.

The state implements planned mining in accordance with the state's planned mining areas and mining areas of great value to the national economy, and implements special protection measures.

On the one hand, the state has taken effective measures to protect large and medium-sized low-grade ore or difficult-to-select smelting deposits that cannot be economically exploited and utilized, and is not allowed to carry out destructive mining; on the other hand, for the production of mines, the state is still Require and encourage enterprises to exploit and utilize as low a grade of poor ore resources as possible and difficult to collect difficult mineral resources, so that valuable mineral resources can be fully utilized.

Mining enterprises must mine in accordance with the mine design approved by the state or the development and utilization of mineral resources. The mining recovery rate, ore recovery rate and the comprehensive utilization level of the symbiotic minerals must meet the requirements of the approved mine design or mineral resources development and utilization plan. If the design requirements are not met, the state will rectify within a time limit; if the mining recovery rate and the ore recovery rate are too low and the resources are seriously wasted, the relevant state departments will impose necessary penalties according to the seriousness of the circumstances until the business license is revoked.

When purchasing manganese ore rights, pay special attention to the selectivity of the deposit. It is important to remember to buy the mines that are not related to the mineral processing technology under the current technical and economic conditions.

The state encourages mining enterprises to rely on scientific and technological progress and innovation to improve the technical level of resource utilization, research and development of deep processing technology of mineral products, lean ore and refractory smelting and utilization technologies and energy conservation and consumption reduction technologies, and support the key points and difficulties in the development and utilization of mineral resources. Problems, especially the scientific and technological problems of deep mining and the development and utilization of low-grade, difficult-to-select smelting ore. At present, the problems of deep mining of manganese ore and the development and utilization of low-grade and difficult-to-select smelting ore have been included in the catalogue of circular economy supporting technologies of key industries of the National Development and Reform Commission.

(4) Comprehensive utilization policy of mineral resources

The state encourages mining enterprises to actively carry out comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. Comprehensive development and utilization of a variety of mineral deposits with symbiotic, such as manganese and zinc-lead symbiosis, silver and manganese and its mineral resources development and utilization plan must include comprehensive development and utilization of mineral with symbiotic measures. Encourage mining enterprises to carry out scientific and technological research and technological transformation of the comprehensive utilization of “three wastes”. Develop deep processing technology for mineral products, new energy, new materials technology, energy saving, material saving, water saving, and consumption reduction technologies and processes to reduce resource consumption levels.

Enterprises that have realized the comprehensive utilization of resources can enjoy certain tax policy concessions according to the specific conditions of their comprehensive utilization. For the effective implementation of comprehensive utilization of associated minerals, re-election and secondary utilization of tailings and abandoned surrounding rock may be reduced or exempted from resource tax and resource compensation fees.

At present, the state has incorporated the slurry electrolysis technology of low-grade cobalt-manganese symbiotic ore into the catalogue of circular economy supporting technologies in key industries.

(5) Increasingly strict mine ecological environmental protection policies

Adhere to the principle of equal emphasis on the development and utilization of mineral resources and ecological environment protection, prevention and prevention, strict implementation of environmental impact assessment system, land reclamation system and sewage charging system, and encourage the establishment of mine environmental protection and land reclamation in conditional areas. The performance bond system will improve the ecological environment of the mining area and gradually establish an environmentally friendly enterprise. The state implements a one-vote veto system for the protection of the mine environment.

It is forbidden to mine in nature reserves (core areas, buffer zones), important scenic spots, forest parks, drinking water source protection areas, important lakes, cultural relics sites, geological heritage protection areas and basic farmland protection areas designated by the state; It is forbidden to open-pit mining within the visual and visible range on both sides of the national highway of the railway; it is forbidden to mine in the geological disaster danger zone; it is forbidden to build new mineral resource development projects that have irreversible effects on the ecological environment and have devastating effects.

Strictly control mining in ecological function protection areas and nature reserves (transition areas); limit mining in ecologically vulnerable areas such as geological disaster-prone areas and areas with serious soil erosion.

New mineral resources mining projects must study and demonstrate their impact on the ecological environment, adopt ecological environmental protection measures to avoid or reduce adverse impacts and damages to the atmosphere, water, cultivated land, grasslands, forests, etc., environmental impact reports (tables) must be in accordance with the law Reported to the environmental protection administrative department for approval. The mineral resources development and utilization plan must include the soil and water conservation plan, the land reclamation implementation plan, the mine geological disaster prevention plan and the geological environmental impact assessment report, and report to the relevant state departments for approval according to the regulations.

Before purchasing mineral rights, you must fully understand the relevant policies of the national mine environmental protection, and remember to buy the mines that do not meet the national ecological environmental protection policies.

Mining enterprises must fulfill their obligations such as environmental protection and land reclamation in accordance with the law. For those who do not meet the requirements of laws, regulations and relevant national policies, resulting in ecological damage and environmental pollution, the relevant state departments will investigate and deal with them according to law, and force them to rectify and meet the standards within a time limit, and compensate them according to relevant state regulations. The “three wastes” caused by the mines must be comprehensively treated and comprehensively utilized; the secondary geological disasters such as landslides, mudslides, and subsidence caused by mine development, environmental problems such as water depletion, water quality deterioration, and soil erosion should be strengthened to prevent and monitor, and timely organized. Governance.

The state's policy of protecting the environment and protecting the environment will impose increasingly stringent environmental requirements on mining companies. The state requires relevant law enforcement to resolutely implement the one-vote veto system for environmental protection, and calls on mining companies to work hard to build green mines. The construction of green mines has increasingly become the consensus of the central government decision-making level and mining enterprise executives. "Green Mines Convention" at the end of last year, held in Nanning in 2008 China Forum on mining circular economy, the China Mining Association, China Aluminum Industry Company, Shougang Mining Company and other mining enterprises and units, initiated and co-developed (draft), the As the basis for mining industry self-discipline. This will undoubtedly have a profound impact on the development of the manganese industry.

(6) Constantly adjusting the import and export fiscal and taxation policies for mineral products

As early as the end of the 1990s, the Chinese government formulated “actively supporting and appropriately expanding the domestic shortage of resources, especially the import of primary products; limiting the shortage of domestically scarce resources, especially the shortage of bulk resources, and demanding a gradual reduction in primary For the export of products, some have to ban the export of mineral products. In the case of manganese ore products, it is mainly reflected in the active support, appropriate expansion of manganese ore imports, and restrictions on the export of manganese primary products. In order to meet the needs of joining the WTO, the Chinese government has carried out several active tax reductions to reduce the import tariff of manganese ore to zero. On the other hand, after entering the customs, it actively adjusted the export policy of manganese's primary products, from 2004. Since the beginning of the year, the export tax rebate rate for ferroalloys including electrolytic manganese, ferromanganese, and ferromanganese has been reduced from 17% to 8%. Since 2005, the export tax rebate policy for ferroalloys has been abolished. At the same time, in order to curb the export of a class of high-energy-consumption and high-pollution resource products such as ferroalloys, the state has imposed an export tariff of 5% on the exports of ferromanganese and ferromanganese. With the continuous development of energy and raw materials, the state's export tariffs on electrolytic manganese, ferromanganese, and ferromanganese have all increased to 20%. It is understood that the relevant departments have not yet lowered the intention of export tariffs on ferroalloys including electrolytic manganese, ferromanganese and ferromanganese.

In order to effectively implement and implement the macro-control policies and measures set by the central government, further strengthen and standardize the processing trade business of high-energy-consumption, high-pollution and resource products, and block the loopholes in the export link. In May and August 2005, the state successively The inclusion of iron ore and ferroalloys in the prohibited categories of processing trade completely eliminated the preferential policies for the processing of such products.

Of course, the country currently supports and encourages the export of manganese products with a deeper processing level. For example, the State Administration of Customs Tariff Commission's latest adjustment of export tariffs has eliminated the export tariff of 5% of the silicon-manganese steel hot-rolled wire rods and other silicon-manganese steel strips and rods.

According to the country's import and export policy guidance, we suggest that ferroalloy enterprises should not blindly develop in the future, but should do a good job of deep processing and increasing added value.

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