Non-ferrous metal mineral resources are an important economic development of the basic raw material. In recent years, the shortage of raw materials in China's non-ferrous metal industry has already appeared, and it is a problem that cannot be ignored. With the sustained and rapid growth of China's economy, China's consumption of non-ferrous metal products has continued to increase. However, in recent years, the shortage of resources for non-ferrous metal mineral products in China has led to insufficient domestic supply and a large amount of imports from abroad. The comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metal mineral resources is of great significance for the sustainable development of the non-ferrous metal industry. I. Basic characteristics and current status of current non-ferrous metal mineral resources Non-ferrous metal mineral resources are minerals from which certain metal elements or compounds for industrial use can be extracted. Depending on the nature and use of the metal elements which are divided into ferrous minerals, such as iron ore and manganese ore; nonferrous metals, such as copper and zinc mine ore; mineral light metal, such as aluminum, magnesium ore; mineral noble metal, such as gold and silver mining Radioactive metal minerals such as uranium and thorium ; rare metal minerals such as lithium and antimony ; rare earth metal minerals; At present, there are 54 kinds of minerals with proven reserves in China. (1) Basic characteristics 1. The total amount of resources is large, but the per capita possession is low. China's total mineral resources have been identified as accounting for about 12% of the world's total, and its potential value ranks third in the world. Among them, copper is 68.08 million tons, its reserves ranks tenth in the world; bauxite is 2.55 billion tons, its reserves ranks ninth in the world; lead is 37.57 million tons, its reserves ranks third in the world; zinc 92.67 million tons, its reserves Ranked third in the world; nickel 8.13 million tons, its reserves ranked ninth in the world; tungsten 5.69 million tons, 锑 2.07 million tons, rare earth 89.09 million tons, its reserves are the world's first; molybdenum 999 million tons, tin 810,000 tons Its reserves rank second in the world. Although the total amount of non-ferrous mineral resources in China is large, due to its large population, the per capita possession of resources is very low, only 52% of the world's per capita possession. Therefore, China is also a country with relatively scarce resources. 2. The “small metal†mineral resources are abundant, while the reserves of large mineral resources are relatively insufficient. From the above data, the proven reserves of “small metals†such as tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony and rare earth are among the highest in the world, and the quality of resources is high, which has strong competitiveness in the world. The reserves of large mineral resources such as copper, aluminum, lead, zinc and nickel, which have large economic demand, are very low in the world, which are 3.9%, 2.3%, 12.6%, 11.8%, and 4%, respectively. Insufficient mineral resources. 3. There are more lean ore, rare ore, and difficult to develop and utilize. There are many non-ferrous mineral deposits in China, but in general, there are more poor ore and less rich ore. For example, copper ore, the average geological grade is only 0.87%, far lower than the world's major copper-producing countries such as Chile and Zambia. Among them, the copper mine with a grade of more than 2% only accounts for 6.4% of the total resource reserves, and the copper mine with a grade of more than 1% also Only 35.9% of the total resource reserves, and the large copper deposits with resource reserves greater than 2 million tons are basically less than 1%, and the reserves of large copper mines above 1% grade only account for total resources. 13.2%. Although bauxite has the characteristics of high-tech, high-silicon and low-iron, almost all of them belong to a hard bauxite mine that is difficult to be smelted. At present, the economically-exploited ore with a ratio of aluminum to silicon of more than 7% only accounts for three points of the total. one. These characteristics determine the inevitable increase in investment and production and operation costs of mine construction. 4. There are many symbiotic and associated deposits, and there are few single deposits. About 80% of China's non-ferrous mineral deposits have associated elements, especially aluminum, copper, lead and zinc. For example, in copper resources, single-type copper ore accounts for only 27.1%, while comprehensive copper-bearing copper accounts for 72.8%; the reserves of mercury , thorium, and molybdenum in the form of co-concomitant ore are respectively accounted for 20% to 33% of total resource reserves. Among China's non-ferrous mineral resources, although there are many associated elements, if comprehensive recovery can be done, the comprehensive economic benefits of the mine can be improved. However, due to the complex ore composition, it will inevitably lead to an increase in the difficulty of selecting and smelting, and increase construction investment and production and operation costs. . 5. Wide distribution range. China's non-ferrous mineral resources are widely distributed, with output in all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, but the regions are not balanced. Copper mines are mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, northeastern Yunnan and western regions; bauxite is mainly distributed in Shanxi, Henan, Guangxi, Guizhou; lead-zinc mines are mainly distributed in South China and western regions; tungsten deposits are mainly concentrated in Hunan and Jiangxi regions. Molybdenum ore is concentrated in Shaanxi, Henan, and Jilin; tin bismuth is mainly distributed in Hunan, Yunnan, and Guangxi; rare earths are mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, and Sichuan. (II) Status of non-ferrous mineral resources From the perspective of China's imports in recent years, China's major non-ferrous metal industry raw materials imports continue to increase. Taking alumina as an example, the import volume in 2003 was 5.61 million tons, an increase of 23% over 2002 and an increase of 67% over 2001. In addition, there are different levels of resource shortages in copper concentrates, nickel ores, etc. The main reasons for the shortage of raw materials in the non-ferrous metals industry are: on the one hand, since 2000, due to the low prices of non-ferrous metals in the international and domestic markets, some mining companies have cut production. Investment in mineral exploration and development has also fallen sharply. At the same time, the rectification of small mining enterprises in China in the past few years has also reduced the supply of certain non-ferrous metal concentrates. Thus, in the context of the recovery of the world economy and the strong growth of China's economy since last year, the increase in demand for non-ferrous metals has made the supply of raw materials for non-ferrous metals in China tight. On the other hand, the most important reason is that China's non-ferrous metal industry lacks mineral resources, and the mineral resources available for mining are very limited. According to statistics, in 2001 China's copper reserves were about 19.4 million tons, bauxite reserves were about 500 million tons, and lead reserves were around 3.7 million tons. These limited reserves could not meet the large amount of development needs in the later period. Even if some resources can continue to develop, compared with similar foreign resources, the development cost is too high and does not have a comparative advantage. Judging from the current situation, China's newly explored non-ferrous metal mineral resources are very limited. Therefore, actively implementing the "going out" strategy and finding and utilizing the development of overseas resources is the only way to develop China's non-ferrous metal industry. At present, China's reserves of copper metal are only over 7 million tons, and the degree of exploitation exceeds 50%. The increase in new reserves is extremely limited. According to the statistics of the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association, only one third of the 1.58 million tons of copper produced in China last year was produced by domestic resources. In addition, from a global perspective, in the past few years, basic non-ferrous metal raw materials will face tight supply. It is predicted that the supply of copper and nickel ore will be in short supply in the next three years. Therefore, to obtain the raw materials of non-ferrous metals in a timely and timely manner, we must strive to be pre-emptive. From the specific varieties, Chile, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Russia and other countries have a large production of copper concentrates; Australia, Guinea, Brazil, Russia, Venezuela, India, Vietnam and other bauxite production ranked in the world; Russia, Nickel production in countries such as Australia and Indonesia is large. Investment opportunities can be found in these countries. The Chinese government should strive to control some of the non-ferrous metal mineral resources with competitive advantages as soon as possible by cultivating powerful companies, participating in shares, and controlling the development of foreign mines, and speeding up the pace of domestic enterprises to open mines abroad, for the non-ferrous metal industry in China. Development provides long-term, stable and diversified supply channels for raw materials. Second, the current comprehensive utilization characteristics of non-ferrous metal mineral resources (1) Promote the use of “three wastes†of non-ferrous metals and promote the sexual interaction between resource recycling and industrial development. 1. Comprehensive utilization of waste residue. With the gradual improvement of resource protection awareness and resource utilization intensity requirements, the comprehensive utilization of waste materials from non-ferrous enterprises has been gradually promoted. For example, Hechi City non-ferrous enterprises actively carry out comprehensive utilization of waste slag. In 2006, comprehensive utilization of waste slag was 234,400 tons. The comprehensive recycling rate of non-ferrous metals such as zinc, tin, lead and antimony has entered the national advanced ranks. Huaxi Group utilizes the characteristics of a variety of non-ferrous metals and rare metals in the “tin polymetallic sulfide ore†of Dachang Ore Field. It has successively built a zinc-indium project of 60,000 tons of zinc and 80 tons of indium , and carried out technical transformation of the smelting process. Rare, rare and precious metals are recycled. 2. Comprehensive utilization of exhaust gas. The waste gas produced by smelting of non-ferrous metals is mainly sulfur dioxide. The main way to comprehensively utilize waste gas is to use sulfur dioxide to produce sulfuric acid. For example, Hechi City has built a sulfuric acid production capacity of 700,000 tons/year using smelting waste gas. In 2006, it actually produced 430,000 tons of sulfuric acid, equivalent to recovering 280,000 tons of sulfur dioxide from waste gas. Huaxi Group carried out a full sulfur utilization project on exhaust gas, and the total sulfur utilization rate reached 91%. 3. Comprehensive utilization of wastewater. Increasing wastewater reuse rate is one of the important tasks for environmental management of non-ferrous enterprises. For example, Guangxi Huaxi Group implements closed-circuit recycling of mining and smelting wastewater, with an annual output of 56.4 million tons of industrial wastewater. After treatment, it reuses 45.86 million tons, supplements only 10 million tons of new water, and the reuse rate exceeds 80%. Dan county in the beneficiation plant to promote the use of ceramic filter for wastewater recycling after beneficiation process, to achieve zero discharge of wastewater, waste water to reduce emissions more than 5 million tons per year. (2) Actively explore the development of non-ferrous metal tailings and promote the sustainable development of the non-ferrous metal industry. For example, Guangxi non-ferrous metal mineral resources have been developed for decades, and the mine has a large amount of tailings. Huaxi Group has recycled tailings resources in a small area and built a concentrating plant with a daily processing capacity of 400 tons of tailings. In the past two years, it has processed more than 300,000 tons of tailings, recovered more than 500 tons of metal tin and more than 4,500 tons of zinc. In order to fully utilize the tailings resources, Huaxi Group has further tested and researched the key technologies for the comprehensive recovery of tailings. At present, the research has achieved phased results. (3) Strengthen mine reclamation and geological environment management, and the mine ecological environment has been initially restored. For example, some large and medium-sized mining enterprises in Guangxi have actively explored the restoration and control of mine ecological environment. The ecological environment restoration and treatment rate of large and medium-sized mines in Baise, Hechi and Beihai is about 25-30%. Chinalco Guangxi Branch has completed the reclamation of more than 50 stope goafs, the reclamation rate is over 98%, and the reclamation area is about 190 hectares. After the reclamation, the fertility can reach or exceed the original level before mining. The per mu yield of economic crops in the land has exceeded the level of the local dryland, achieving the mining and reclaiming goals of the year. (IV) Great progress has been made in the research on the comprehensive utilization technology of non-ferrous metals, and the comprehensive utilization level of mineral resources has been continuously improved. In recent years, Guangxi non-ferrous enterprises have stepped up their efforts in technological research and made breakthroughs in some key technologies. Huaxi Group has strengthened the comprehensive research on the geological resources of the mining area and its surrounding areas, and completed a number of research topics such as “Efficient, Safe and Efficient Mining Method for No. 92 Ore Body in Tongkeng Mineâ€. The comprehensive utilization level of resources has been greatly improved. The recovery rate of No. 92 ore body is 65%. Increased to 90%, leading in the same kind of mines in China. Chinalco Guangxi Branch introduced advanced Russian technology, recovered elemental gallium associated with bauxite, and recovered 5 tons of gallium annually. At the same time, it also carried out comprehensive research and experiments on red mud and tailings mud, and actively promoted the associated mineral resources. Comprehensive utilization. (V) Make full use of the two resources and the two markets, and the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources will continue to expand. After the "7.17" mine disaster in Nandan, Hechi City implemented the "two-outside" opening-up strategy, buying ore from domestic and foreign countries for smelting and processing, and the annual import of mineral resources has reached more than 400,000 tons. At the same time, actively use existing equipment for comprehensive utilization, and recover the precious metals such as antimony , cadmium , indium and silver from the smelting waste to 60 tons, 300 tons, 50 tons and 300 tons respectively, and the acid production capacity of the waste gas reaches 500,000 per year. Tons, every year from the "three wastes" Amoy more than 1.4 billion yuan. In 2006, the city's annual mining volume was less than half of that of five years ago, but the city's non-ferrous metal industry achieved a total industrial output value of 7.907 billion yuan, a four-fold increase over 2001. III. Suggestions for speeding up the development of comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metals (1) Strengthening investigation and evaluation, scientifically and orderly mining of mineral resources 1. Conduct in-depth resource survey and evaluation. Establish a district, city, and county level three mineral resources planning system with unified coordination, clear hierarchy, and functional support, and carry out special planning for major mining areas or major minerals of non-ferrous metal mineral resources. Through the investigation and evaluation of non-ferrous metal resources, the overall layout of rational mineral exploration and development, resource allocation, and determine the amount of mineral rights. To control the total amount of influential minerals such as tungsten and copper at home and abroad, and intensively mine; accelerate the scale development of minerals such as aluminum and tantalum, which have large market demand and great resource advantages; have demand for the market and have potential for resources. Minerals such as tin, lead and zinc, etc., will increase the intensity of exploration work and promote the orderly, scientific exploration and development of mineral resources. 2. Formulate a policy for protective exploitation of mineral resources. Establish mineral resources protection zones in batches. In the mineral resources protection zone, mining rights that are not compatible with the scale of deposits shall not be set up, the mineral resources development and utilization plan submitted by the mining rights applicants shall be strictly examined, and enterprises that do not have the corresponding qualifications shall be allowed to enter the protected areas to open mining resources. Mining order, rational planning of total resource utilization and development efforts. (2) Strengthening exploration efforts and improving the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources 1. Strengthen the exploration of key minerals and key mining areas. Take Guangxi, for example, it should focus on the minerals such as aluminum, lead, zinc, tin and tungsten, which are in short supply in the country, and the right-hand aluminum-tin polymetallic ore-forming area, Nanling tin-tungsten-nickel-lead-zinc metallogenic belt ( Guangxi section), Tunxi Yibobai lead-zinc-tungsten-molybdenum metallogenic belt, Dayaoshan and peripheral lead-zinc metallogenic belt, and Guizhong-nan high-speed rail Sanshui bauxite ore-forming area are key metallogenic belts, strengthening major metallogenic belts, important Mineral resources exploration work, centralized exploration, efforts to break through important resource mineral exploration and increase resource reserves. 2. Increase investment in geological exploration. Increase investment in financial geological exploration, focus on the evaluation of important mineral resources potential in key mineralization areas, major geological problems and metallogenic theory research, and important mineral exploration related to economic and social development, guide commercial mineral exploration, and promote important mineral exploration A new breakthrough. 3. Pay attention to the exploration of resources in crisis mines. Established “Special Fund for Crisis Mine Succession Resourcesâ€, and utilized local mineral resources compensation fees, exploration rights and mining rights, and exploration rights and mining rights funds to increase the technical transformation of old mines in tailings utilization and deep prospecting. Prospecting efforts to support the replacement of resources in the vicinity of state-owned and state-controlled mining enterprises with market needs and resource potential or deep in the original mining area, extend the service life of mines, and provide mineral resources protection. (3) Relying on scientific and technological innovation to provide technical support for maximizing the utilization and recovery of mineral resources 1. Establish and improve incentive policies for the comprehensive utilization of resources. First, improve and implement the system for comprehensive utilization of resources, complement and improve the corresponding basic standards and technical standards that are in line with international standards, provide a unified communication platform for comprehensive utilization of resources, and play a policy-oriented role. The second is to reduce the mineral resources compensation fees for enterprises that make full use of the associated minerals; for the enterprises that are associated with minerals, the mineral resources compensation fees are levied according to different proportions, and the resource compensation fees should be linked to the recovery rate and recovery rate. The issuance of mining warrants is linked to the recovery rate of companion mineral resources. 2. Strengthen technological innovation in the comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metal mineral resources. Guide mining enterprises to introduce strategic investors, introduce powerful strategic investors, and have powerful research institutes within the United Nations, and focus on the development and application of advanced resource comprehensive utilization technologies, such as secondary ore dressing recovery technology, lean ore and difficult to select ore. The use of technology, tailings and "three wastes" comprehensive utilization technology to promote enterprises to enhance their ability to innovate. 3. Strengthen the research on the commonality and key technologies of comprehensive utilization of resources. First, strengthen long-term stable cooperation with domestic and foreign scientific research institutes, and focus on key technologies for the common utilization of mineral resources, such as the research on the comprehensive recycling technology of sand and tin mines, and the stock of tailings of bulk non-ferrous metals. Recycling and recycling to improve the value of resource utilization. Second, encourage enterprises to do a comprehensive recovery and utilization of non-ferrous metal smelting furnace slag, study the application of indium zinc ore free iron slag wet zinc smelting and indium new technology, and rapidly improve the level of indium recovery technology. (4) Paying attention to the protection of the ecological environment of the mine, carrying out the rational use of resources and the demonstration project of mine environmental protection 1. Strengthen mine ecological environmental protection and restoration and management. In accordance with the requirements of green mining, the mine ecological environmental protection management system will be established to control pollution and reduce pollution, and clean production will be implemented to achieve the discharge and disposal of “three wastesâ€, and the problems of mine goafs, subsidence areas and fire areas will be more effective. Governance. All localities should issue relevant regulations for clear collection of mine geological environment recovery and management deposits as soon as possible so that funds can be invested to effectively control the geological environment of the mine. 2. Carry out demonstration projects for rational use of resources and mine environmental protection. Pay attention to mine ecological environmental protection and arable land reclamation work, according to the different characteristics of resources, proceed from the actual situation of the enterprise, formulate various mining development modes such as land lease mining, reclamation and rehabilitation; organize the pilot project of mine ecological environment restoration and management, and implement a batch of The demonstration project of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources promotes the development of circular economy in the field of mineral resources. (5) Integrating the resources of the mining area to realize the rational development of resources and the intensive use of scale 1. Rationally layout mine resource development. (1) According to the status of resources, combined with enterprise restructuring, restructuring, and transformation, the mines with large scale and high level of technology, management, and equipment are the mainstays, integrating other mines, and focusing on using economic means to promote integration. (2) Adapting to local conditions, using resources as the foundation and mining rights as the link, comprehensively applying economic, legal and necessary administrative means to promote integration work according to law. (3) Take overall measures and take into account the interests of all parties, take effective measures to create a level playing field, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of mining rights holders. 2. Strengthen the investigation, evaluation, development and utilization of state-owned old mine tailings. (1) Using existing technical equipment, human resources and other production factors of state-owned old mine mineral resources that have been policy-based bankruptcy or will be bankrupt, introduce domestic and foreign advanced technology and private capital, develop surplus mineral resources, and make full use of the original tailings. The waste resources such as waste residue will be comprehensively utilized to regenerate old mines. (2) Intensify the prospecting of deep and marginal mines in existing mines, adopt new prospecting theory, new technologies and new methods, actively seek new industrial ore bodies, expand resource reserves, and carry out large-scale development of mineral resources. (3) Carry out exploration and evaluation of “secondary resources†of state-owned old mine tailings, carry out research on new technology and equipment for smelting, sort and recover useful components from tailings, and establish a batch of secondary concentrating plants to expand The amount of resources reduces environmental pressure. 3. Integrate mineral resources and improve the overall resource utilization level. 4. Implement an alliance strategy to increase industrial concentration. Based on exploration, with mining as the core, smelting as the center, regional linkage and capital connection as the link, through the participation of shares, joint and other forms, the implementation of the alliance strategy from exploration, mining, mineral processing, smelting to deep processing of products. (6) Strengthening the management of mineral resources and comprehensively improving the comprehensive utilization level of mineral resources 1. Establish an effective market supervision and management mechanism. Strengthen the management of mineral resources reserves, establish a system for comprehensive utilization of resources, a statistical system for the comprehensive development and utilization of mineral resources, a bulletin system for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, and a comprehensive utilization information network for resources, providing unified management for macro-control and comprehensive utilization of resources by enterprises and institutions. The authoritative data information makes the comprehensive development and utilization of mineral resources gradually embark on the legalization and standardization track. 2. Strengthen the supervision of the development and utilization of mineral resources. (1) Strengthen the leadership and management of mineral resources exploration and development, supervise the “three rates†and “three wastes†governance of mineral resources development and utilization, and guide and force enterprises to effectively promote minerals in important links such as mining, mineral processing and smelting. Comprehensive utilization of resources. (2) Establishing, surveying and developing mineral resources exploration rights with important advantages, implementing strict qualification conditions, access standards and supervision of exploration and mining activities, and improving prospecting thresholds for exploration, in order to facilitate unified exploration and centralized exploration, and achieve major breakthroughs in prospecting. . (7) Carrying out the scientific development concept and vigorously developing the circular economy of nonferrous metals 1. Establish a recycling industrial park for non-ferrous metals resources. Construct a circular combination structure within the park, encourage enterprises to carry out centralized recycling, sorting and treatment, and realize recycling; the scraps and defective products produced by the processing enterprises should be classified and recycled according to different components, and returned to the melting furnace for reuse. A closed loop is implemented to improve resource utilization and comprehensive utilization of resources. 2. Vigorously develop renewable resources for non-ferrous metals. Encourage and support large-scale primary, smelting and processing enterprises to enter the field of renewable resources, and use recycled metal resources at a high starting point to form a pattern of recycling metal processing and utilization of large enterprises as the leading and private enterprises. It is necessary to improve the recycling networks of different scales at different levels, establish scrap metal dismantling and pretreatment bases, and construct waste metal dismantling, pretreatment and processing parks. Leisuwash specializing in manufacture Automatic Car Wash Machine, touchless car wash , Automatic Touchless Car Wash, touchless car wash equipment, robot car wash, smart car wash system, leisuwash 360, leisuwash leibao 360, laserwash 360, leisuwash touchless car wash machine, leisu wash touchless car wash automatic, leisu wash 360 high pressure touchless car wash equipment, robo car wash, touch free car wash, leisuwash 360 touch free car wash, leisuwash 360 price, automatic car wash price, leisuwash in malaysia, no touch automatic car wash machine. Touchless Car Wash,Automatic Car Wash,Car Wash Machine,Touchless Car Wash Machine Hangzhou Leisu Cleaning Equipment Co.,Ltd , https://www.sdtouchfreecarwash.com
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