The plastic bumper is made of plastics, mainly polyester and polypropylene, which are made by injection molding. For example, the bumper of Peugeot 405 car is made of polyester and made by reaction injection molding. Volkswagen audi 100 Golf Shanghai Santana Tianjin xiali model car bumpers, adopted polypropylene materials made from injection molding in Abroad have a called polyethylene carbon ester plastic, seeping into alloy composition, using the method of metal injection molding processing of bumper not only has high strength, rigid, also has the advantages of can welding and coating performance is good, in the amount of cars more and more.
Bumper has safety protection decoration vehicle and improve the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle and other functions from the safety point of view, the car can play a buffer role in low-speed collision accident, protect the front and rear body; In the event of an accident with pedestrians, it can play a certain role in protecting pedestrians. From the appearance, it is decorative and becomes an important part to decorate the appearance of cars. At the same time, the car bumper has a certain aerodynamic effect at the same time, in order to reduce the car side collision accident on the occupant of the injury, in the car is usually installed with a door bumper, in order to enhance the door impact force of the collision this method is practical and simple, the body structure of the little change, has been widely used As early as 1993, Honda Accord at the Shenzhen International Automobile Exhibition cut a part of the door to expose the bumper to show the audience, to show its good safety performance The installation of the door bumper is a number of high-strength steel beams horizontally or diagonally placed in the door panel of each door, playing the role of the front and rear bumper, so that the whole car has bumper protection around the front and rear, forming a copper wall and iron wall, so that the car occupant has a maximum safety area Of course, the installation of such door bumpers will undoubtedly increase some costs for car manufacturers, but for car occupants, safety and security will increase a lot.
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The commonly used pH meters and ORP meter electrodes include a reference electrode filled with a certain amount of electrolyte. The electrolyte must maintain a continuous electrical contact through the reference diaphragm and the process medium to complete the measurement. Due to contact, the electrolyte slowly loses and dissolves in the sample.
The life span of the reference electrode and the process are very large. Differences in temperature and pressure can shorten or extend the use of the electrolyte from weeks to years. In relatively dirty samples, the reference membrane may become clogged or contaminated.
In conventional, normal temperature and pressure and relatively clean applications, the electrode life is usually 6 months to 2 years, but many factors will shorten the life of the electrode, the reasons listed above are the most common.
The measuring part materials of pH meter and ORP meter are glass and platinum, which can be used for a long time if they are not broken or subjected to a chemical environment. A hot alkaline solution can affect the pH of the glass electrode and gradually loses its response in a few weeks or months. It depends on the severity of the temperature above 60°C and/or the pH value above 10%. Hydrofluoric acid can damage the glass electrode and eventually become unusable, possibly for hours or days, depending on the length of the fluoride concentration in the medium above 5 ppm and the pH below 4.