Crusher

The crushers can be divided into medical lithotripters and mining crushers according to the major categories. The crusher refers to a pulverizing machine in which the content of the material in the discharge is more than three millimeters and the content of the total discharge is more than 50%. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (extracorporealshoekwavelithotripsy, ESWL) has the advantage that its treatment process is basically non-invasive, easy for patients to accept, and its treatment success rate is high, less damage to human tissues, and it has been widely used in clinical practice. Applications.

Crusher classification

Cone crusher

The crushers can be divided into medical crushers and mining crushers according to the major categories. Among them, the medical lithotripter is mainly used for the crushing of stones, generally adopting resonance and other means to break the stones to avoid various risks brought by surgery; and the mining crusher is generally called crusher (crushing equipment), mainly for various types. The stone is crushed. According to the principle of crushing and the particle size of the product, it is divided into many models.

Medical lithotripter introduction

Extracorporeal shock wave breaker (medical crusher)

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter

Abbreviation: crusher, used in the field of medicine

The advantage of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is that its treatment process is basically non-invasive, easy for patients to accept, and its treatment success rate is high, less damage to human tissues, currently in clinical practice. Has been widely used.

Hydroelectric shock wave source

At present, the wave source of the crusher is mostly liquid-electric, and it is widely used because of its early development, mature technology and good stone-removing effect.

Electrohydraulic shock wave source is a semi-elliptical reflecting body disposed metal electrode, the reflective body is filled with water, when the high-voltage discharge in water to produce high temperature and pressure in the pole tip electrode, the effect due to electric shock formation fluid, the shock wave Propagating around, touching the very smooth inner surface of the reflector and reflecting, the electrode tip is at the first focus of the ellipsoid, so the shock wave emitted by the first focus (f1) will be reflected at the second focus (f2) Gathering, forming a strong shock wave focal zone, when the human stone is in the second focus, it will be crushed.

Piezoelectric shock wave source

Piezoelectric shock wave source is a piezoelectric crystal installed on the inner wall of a hemisphere. When high-frequency high-voltage electricity passes through the piezoelectric crystal, the piezoelectric crystal will expand and contract to generate vibration, so that the aqueous medium generates ultrasonic shock wave, and the shock wave is in the sphere. Focus on the center of the ball, when the stone is in focus, it will be crushed by a powerful shock wave.

Electromagnetic shock wave source

The electromagnetic shock wave source can be divided into two types: flat plate type and cylindrical type.

The flat electromagnetic wave source is a hollow cylinder. The cylinder has a set of high frequency coils at one end. When the high frequency and high voltage pulse current passes, the coil generates a pulsed magnetic field. According to the electromagnetic field induction law, the flat metal film near the front end of the coil will occur. The vibration causes the water medium to generate a shock wave. The shock wave propagating in a parallel straight line passes through the double-sided concave acoustic lens and is focused at the focus (f) of the lens. The powerful shock wave can pulverize the stone at the focus.

The cylindrical electromagnetic wave source is a cylindrical insulator outer wall mounted with a plurality of sets of high frequency coils, and the outer coil is a cylindrical metal diaphragm, and the whole device is placed on a rotating parabola to form a reflector bottom, when there is a high frequency and high voltage current through the coil When a magnetic field is generated around the coil, the cylindrical metal diaphragm generates vibration according to the principle of electromagnetic induction, so that the water medium generates a shock wave, and the shock wave propagates in parallel to the periphery, and hits the very smooth inner surface of the reflector and reflects. Then focus on the focal point f of the paraboloid, and when the stone is in focus, it will be shattered by a powerful shock wave.

Comparison of three wave source performance

The liquid-electric shock wave source is the earliest used wave source. It has a long development time and mature technology. It has been widely used in clinical practice. Its shock wave energy is large, but the noise is also large, and the electrode is consumed. The liquid-electric shock wave is a spherical wave, and the damage to the tissue is slightly larger than that of the piezoelectric type and the electromagnetic type. Piezoelectric and electromagnetic shockwave energy is not as liquid-electric, but the noise is smaller, piezoelectric noise is smaller, and there is no need to consume electrodes and low cost of treatment. From the point of view of the gravel effect, the liquid-electric energy generated is stronger, the adjustable range is large, and the effect is better. The piezoelectric type produces a narrow pulse shock wave with a small power; however, the wavelength is short, and the particles pulverized by the stone are small, and can be formed into a fine sand powder, which is favorable for excretion. The electromagnetic energy has a certain loss of energy per conversion, but the energy is stable and reproducible, and it can achieve a better gravel effect. The shock wave generated by it is a plane wave, which avoids the damage of the direct wave of the factory. In terms of human safety, piezoelectric and electromagnetic types are better, and the impact on the human body is small. From the manufacturing process and requirements of the equipment, the quality and life and installation of the piezoelectric crystal are required to be high, otherwise each crystal trigger pulse is difficult to synchronize. The electromagnetic charging voltage is higher, so the coil insulation requirements are high, such as the number of discharges is likely to cause short circuit.

Charge and discharge circuit for generating shock wave from crusher

Whether it is a liquid-electric, electromagnetic or piezoelectric wave source requires a set of charging and instantaneous discharge circuits, requiring a discharge time of about 1 s, and a discharge current of several thousand mA.

The circuit is divided into two parts: a charging circuit and a discharging circuit. The alternating current is regulated by a voltage regulating circuit T1 and then boosted by a transformer T2. The voltage can reach several kV to a dozen kV, and the capacitor C is charged and stored after being rectified. When the flip-flop S is turned on, the charge of the capacitor is instantaneously discharged to the shock wave source device W to generate a shock wave, and in order to obtain a good shock waveform, the discharge time is required to be within 1 us. The energy that generates the shock wave is determined by the energy stored in the capacitor. The energy formula is E: 1/2CU2, where E is the energy, the unit is Joule (J); C—the capacitance, the unit is Farad (F); U is the charging voltage. Units of volts (V). If the capacitance of a crusher is 0.5uF and the voltage is 10kV, the energy is E: 1/2X (0.5X10^-6)X(10X10^3)=25J. If the discharge time t is 2uS, according to the discharge The current formula I=CU/t calculates the instantaneous discharge current as I=(0.5X10^-6)X(10X10^3)÷(2X10^-6)= 2500A. From the above analysis, the energy of the shock wave depends on the values ​​of the charging voltage U and the capacitance C. Since the capacitance C of various crushers is between 0.3 and 1.0 uF, the change is not large, but the energy is proportional to the square of the voltage U. Therefore, the level of energy depends mainly on the high voltage. The higher the voltage, the greater the energy, the greater the pressure of the shock wave at the focus, and the easier the stone is to be crushed. However, too much energy is easy to cause damage to patients, so the lithotripter is developing in the direction of low energy, high efficiency and low side effects.

GPS

The positioning of the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter requires that the stone can be accurately moved to and fixed within the shock wave focal zone to achieve the purpose of effective gravel. At present, the lithotripters are positioned by medical X-ray or B-ultrasound.

1 X-ray positioning system. X-ray positioning is divided into two types: single beam X-ray positioning and dual beam X-ray positioning.

1.1 Rotary C-arm single beam X-ray cross positioning

An X-ray tube and an image intensifier are respectively fixed at both ends of the C-shaped arm, and the C-shaped arm can be used as a shock wave focus {plane rotation or spherical motion of the center, and the X-ray projection center passes through the focus. The C-arm can be rotated at any angle by two angles, and the positioning system can be positioned clearly, accurately and quickly. At the same time, when the C-arm is in the front projection position, the same image as the KVII flat sheet can be obtained, which is convenient for finding stones. It can also observe the morphological changes of the stones during the crushing process from multiple angles. Because it only uses a set of X-ray system to greatly reduce the cost of the crusher, the X-ray positioning crushers produced by various manufacturers are mostly in the form of such C-arms.

1.2 Double beam X-ray cross positioning. The double-beam X-ray positioning is to set two sets of X-ray devices at an angle to each other and fix them on the machine. The center of the double-beam X-ray passes through the focal point f and intersects at point f, and adjusts the positioning of the stone to the f-point. Such positioning is difficult to avoid the skeletal tissue blockage due to the fixation of the X-ray beam, and the image quality is poor, and the operation steps are cumbersome, and the cost of the crusher is high. Therefore, the crusher manufacturers have basically eliminated the positioning system.

2 B super positioning system.

The B-ultrasonic positioning system includes a B-ultrasound probe, a B-supercomputer and a probe holder. Except for a very small number of robotic probes, most of the probe holders are installed next to the shock wave source. Although the n-super positioning methods produced by various manufacturers are different, the total The principle is the same. That is, the center extension of the H-ultrasound probe passes through the focus f, and the probe is telescoped along this axis. According to the known probe-to-focus distance and the distance measurement function of the B-mode, the stone can be accurately positioned in the focus. f.

3 X-ray and B-positioning system comparison.

Both X-ray and B-bit positioning have their own shortcomings. X-ray positioning has a clear image, which can directly see the three-dimensional shape of the stone and the degree of crushing of the stone during the crushing process, and the operation technology is easy to grasp. The disadvantage is that the X-ray has certain radioactive damage to the human body, the exposure time requirement is as short as possible, and the X-ray dose should be as low as possible. Negative stones cannot be directly positioned and can be positioned by other means. B-ultrasound is non-radioactive and has almost no damage to the human body. It is especially suitable for some stones that are not suitable for X-ray irradiation. B-ultrasound can be displayed on both yin and positive stones, and can be continuously tracked and monitored in real time. Because the B-super positioning rock crusher has no expensive X-ray equipment, the machine cost is low and the floor space is small. The disadvantage is that the operation technology is high, and the X-ray positioning is not as intuitive, accurate and fast.

4 X-ray B-super dual positioning system.

The X-ray B-super double positioning is to install the X-ray positioning system and the B-ultrasonic positioning device on the same machine, and fully utilize the advantages of X-ray positioning and B-ultrasonic positioning, and can realize the treatment of various stones in the whole urinary tract, but the operator To master both positioning techniques at the same time, the requirements are higher, and the machine cost is also high.

Crusher technical indicators

Installation requirements: X-ray radiation is required in the equipment room

Impact structural features:

The HX vertical impact crusher consists of seven parts: the feed hopper, the distributor, the vortex crushing chamber, the impeller body, the spindle assembly, the base, the transmission and the motor.

1. The structure of the feed hopper is an inverted prism body (or cylinder), and the feed port is provided with a wear ring, and the incoming material from the feeding device enters the crusher through the feed hopper.

2. The feeder hopper is installed in the upper part of the vortex crushing chamber. The function of the distributor is to divert the material from the feeding hopper, so that a part of the material is directly accelerated into the impeller through the central feeding tube and is gradually accelerated to a higher speed. The projecting is carried out, so that another part of the material is bypassed from the outside of the center feeding pipe, and is bypassed into the outer side of the impeller in the vortex breaking chamber. The high-speed material impacted by the impeller is broken and does not increase power consumption, increase production capacity, and improve crushing. effectiveness.

3. The structure of the vortex breaking chamber is the annular space composed of the upper and lower cylinders. The impeller rotates at high speed in the vortex breaking chamber, and the material can be retained in the vortex breaking chamber to form the material lining. Layer, the material crushing process occurs in the vortex crushing chamber, and the material lining separates the vortex crushing chamber wall by the crushing action, so that the crushing effect is limited to the material, and plays the role of wear-resistant self-lining. The observation hole is to observe the wear condition of the wear block at the launching port of the impeller flow channel and the wear condition of the lining plate at the top of the vortex breaking cavity. The working hole must be sealed tightly when the crusher is working. The distributor is fixed to the upper cylindrical section of the vortex breaking chamber. The impeller rotates at a high speed to generate an air flow, and an internal self-circulation system is formed in the vortex crushing chamber through a distributor and an impeller.

4. Impeller impeller structure A hollow cylinder made of special material is mounted on the upper end of the main shaft assembly. The conical sleeve and the key joint are used to transmit the button pitch and rotate at high speed. The impeller is the key component of the HX vertical impact crusher. The material enters the center of the impeller from the central feed pipe of the upper part of the impeller. The material is uniformly distributed to the respective emission channels of the impeller by the cloth cone at the center of the impeller. At the exit of the emission channel, a wear block made of a special material is installed and can be replaced. The impeller accelerates the material to a speed of 60-75 m/s, impinges on the material lining in the vortex crushing chamber, and performs strong self-shrinking. The upper and lower flow passage plates are installed between the cone cap and the wear block to protect The impeller is not subject to wear.

5. The spindle assembly spindle assembly is mounted on the base to transmit the power transmitted by the motor via the V-belt and to support the rotation of the impeller. The spindle assembly is composed of a bearing housing, a main shaft, a bearing, and the like.

6. The base vortex crushing chamber, the spindle assembly, the motor and the transmission are all mounted on the bottom. The structure of the base is in the shape of a quadrangular prism in the middle. The center of the quadrangular prism space is used to install the spindle assembly. Material channel. The dual motors are mounted on the longitudinal ends of the base, and the base can be mounted on the bracket or directly on the foundation.

7. The transmission device adopts a single motor or double motor driven belt drive mechanism (more than 75KW, which is a double motor drive). The two motors drive two motors respectively installed on both sides of the spindle assembly. The two motor pulleys are connected with the main shaft pulley by a belt. The forces on both sides of the main shaft are balanced and no additional torque is generated.

8, the bracket according to the different working places of the crusher - open-air operation or indoor work, you can consider the configuration of the bracket or not equipped with brackets.

9. Lubrication system adopts special grade lubrication of Mofu vehicle grease. The lubrication part is the upper part of the main shaft assembly and the lower part of the bearing. In order to make the oiling convenient, the oil pipe is used to lead to the outside of the machine for regular oiling of the oil pump.

Classification of extracorporeal shock wave breakers

These instruments are generally classified into three types according to their seismic sources: liquid-electric, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric.

The liquid-electric application was first used in clinical practice on February 2, 1980 in Munich, Germany. The crusher is a liquid wave effect generated by a high-voltage discharge of a tip of a lower electrode of water, and a liquid pulse effect generated by a strong pulse discharge of a nanosecond order. After the shock wave is focused by a semi-ellipsoidal reflector, the water is transmitted into the human body through water. The energy acts on the second focus, and the stone is pulverized under the combined action of the tensile stress and the compressive stress of the shock wave.

Piezoelectric type is a ceramic crystal element mounted on a spherical cap of about 50cm. It generates a piezoelectric effect under the action of electric pulse, which causes the crystal to deform rapidly to produce mechanical vibration, that is, the electrical effect is converted into a mechanical effect, and the vibration generates a shock wave to reach the center of the sphere. Focus on the gravel.

The electromagnetic rock crusher discharges a coil through a high-voltage capacitor, and the pulse current generated by the discharge forms a strong pulse magnetic field, causes mechanical vibration and forms a shock wave in the medium, and is reinforced by the focus of the acoustic lens to smash the stone.

Mining crusher (crushing machine)

The mining crusher refers to a crushing machine with a particle size of more than three millimeters in the discharge, which accounts for more than 50% of the total discharge amount. Invented by the British Hengan. The crushing operation is usually divided into coarse crushing, medium crushing and fine crushing according to the size of the feeding and discharging granularity. Common sand and gravel equipment include jaw crusher , impact crusher , impact crusher, composite crusher, single-stage hammer crusher, vertical crusher, gyratory crusher, cone crusher, roller crusher. Machine , double roll crusher, two-in-one crusher, one-time crusher, etc.

Jaw Crusher

The jaw crusher is a crushing machine that uses two jaws to squeeze and bend materials, and to crush or break various hardness materials. The crushing mechanism is composed of a fixed jaw plate and a movable jaw plate. When the two jaw plates are close to each other, the material is broken, and when the two jaw plates are separated, the block smaller than the discharge port is discharged from the bottom. Its crushing action is intermittent. This crusher is widely used in industrial sectors such as mineral processing , building materials, silicates and ceramics due to its simple structure, reliable operation and ability to crush hard materials.

By the 1980s, the size of the large jaw crusher that crushed 800 tons of material per hour had reached 1800 mm. Commonly used jaw crushers are available in double brackets and single brackets. The former is only a simple circular arc swing during work, so it is also called a simple swing jaw crusher; the latter also moves up and down while making an arc swing, so it is also called a complex swing jaw crusher. Jaw crusher is widely used in mining, smelting, building material, highway, railway, water conservancy and chemical industry and many other sectors, crushing compression strength not more than 320 MPa of various materials.

The up and down movement of the single-bend plate type jaw crushing motorized raft has the function of promoting discharge, and the horizontal stroke of the upper part is larger than the lower part, which is easy to crush large pieces of material, so the crushing efficiency is higher than that of the double bracket type. Its disadvantage is that the jaws wear faster and the material is over-crushed to increase energy consumption. In order to protect the important parts of the machine from damage due to overload, the toggle plate with simple shape and small size is often designed as a weak link, so that it first deforms or breaks when the machine is overloaded.

In addition, in order to meet the requirements of different discharge granularity and to compensate for the wear of the raft, a discharge opening adjustment device is additionally provided, usually by adding a adjusting gasket or a wedge iron between the bracket and the rear frame. However, in order to avoid the impact of production due to the replacement of broken parts, hydraulic devices can also be used for insurance and adjustment. Some jaw crushers also use hydraulic transmission to drive the moving jaws to complete the crushing action of the material. These two types of jaw crushers using hydraulic transmissions are often referred to as hydraulic jaw crushers.

Rotary crusher

The rotary crusher is a large-scale crushing machine that uses crushing motion of the crushing cone in the cone cavity of the casing to produce extrusion, splitting and bending of the material, and coarse crushing of ore or rock of various hardnesses. The upper end of the main shaft equipped with the crushing cone is supported in the bushing in the middle of the beam, and the lower end is placed in the eccentric hole of the bushing. When the sleeve rotates, the crushing cone rotates around the center line of the machine, and its crushing action is continuous, so the working efficiency is higher than that of the jaw crusher. By the early 1970s, large gyratory crushers were able to process 5,000 tons of material per hour, with a maximum feed diameter of up to 2000 mm.

The rotary crusher realizes the adjustment of the discharge opening and the overload insurance in two ways: First, the mechanical method is adopted, and the upper end of the main shaft has an adjusting nut, and the rotating adjusting nut can be lowered or raised to make the discharge opening change accordingly. Large or small, when overloaded, the insurance pin on the drive pulley is cut off to achieve insurance; the second is a hydraulic hydraulic gyratory crusher whose main shaft is located on the plunger in the hydraulic cylinder, changing the plunger The volume of the hydraulic oil can change the upper and lower positions of the crushing cone, thereby changing the size of the discharge opening. When overloaded, the downward pressure of the main shaft increases, forcing the hydraulic oil under the plunger to enter the accumulator in the hydraulic transmission system, causing the crushing cone to descend to increase the discharge opening and discharge the non-material entering the crushing chamber. Broken matter (iron, wood, etc.) to achieve insurance.

Cone crusher

The cone crusher works in the same way as a gyratory crusher, but is only suitable for crushing machines with medium or fine crushing operations. The uniformity of the discharge particle size of the medium and fine crushing operations is generally higher than that required for the coarse crushing operation. Therefore, a parallel section must be provided at the lower part of the crushing chamber, and at the same time, the rotation speed of the crushing cone must be accelerated so that the material is in the parallel zone. Subject to more than one squeeze.

The crushing of the medium-fine crushing operation is larger than that of the coarse crushing operation, so the loose volume after the crushing has a large increase. In order to prevent the crushing chamber from causing clogging, the total discharge cross section must be increased by increasing the diameter of the lower portion of the crushing cone without increasing the discharge opening to ensure the required discharge size.

The discharge port of the cone crusher is small, and the non-crushed material mixed into the feedstock is more likely to cause accidents. Because the medium and fine crushing operations have strict requirements on the discharge size, the discharge opening must be adjusted in time after the liner is worn, so the cone is broken. The fuse and adjustment device of the machine is more necessary than the rough operation. When the Simon Spring Safety Cone Crusher is overloaded, the conical housing forces the spring to compress and raise itself to increase the discharge opening and discharge the non-crushed material. The adjustment of the discharge opening is performed by adjusting the sleeve, and the adjustment sleeve of the housing can be rotated to drive the housing to rise or fall by the thread on the outer circumference to change the size of the discharge opening. The hydraulic cone crusher is secured and adjusted in the same way as a hydraulic gyratory crusher.

Problems that need to be paid attention to during the daily maintenance of the cone crusher

1. There must be a de-ironing device to prevent the crushing chamber from passing through the iron. If the iron is frequently over-exposed, it may cause a shaft breakage accident.

2. To be fully loaded, otherwise the product size will be too thick.

3. The crushing ratio in the production line should be reasonable, so as to maximize the efficiency of the crusher.

4. The spring pressure should not be too tight. If the pressure is too high, the shaft breakage will occur. If the pressure is too small, the spring will jump frequently, affecting the normal operation of the crusher, and the product size will become thicker.

5. The temperature of the lubricating oil should not be too high or too low, otherwise it will affect the operation of the machine.

6. Lubricating oil should be replaced frequently, not too dirty. If it is too dirty, it will accelerate the wear of gears, bowl-shaped tiles, bushings, etc., and even make the bushings die.

7. The drive belt installation should not be too tight, otherwise it will cause the drive shaft to rotate inflexible or broken; it should not be too loose, otherwise it will cause the crusher to be boring.

8. The feeding material should not be too wet and too sticky, the fine particles should not be too much, and it should not be too big, otherwise it will cause a boring car.

Roller crusher

The roller crusher is a machine that uses the frictional force of the roller surface to bite the material into the crushing zone and to withstand crushing or splitting. When used for coarse crushing or when it is desired to increase the crushing ratio, teeth or grooves are often made on the roll surface to increase the splitting action. Roll crusher according to the number of rollers is generally divided into single roll, twin roll and multi-roll crusher, suitable for crushing, breaking or crushing of coal, limestone, cement clinker and feldspar less hard materials.

Hammer crusher

The hammer crusher is a crushing machine that uses the high-speed impact of the hammer to perform medium and fine crushing operations on the material. The hammer head is hinged on the high-speed rotating rotor, and the lower part of the machine body is provided with a purlin to control the discharge granularity. The material fed into the crusher is firstly crushed by the impact of the high-speed moving hammer, and at the same time, the kinetic energy is obtained, and the crushing plate on the inner wall of the casing is quickly flung and crushed again. The material smaller than the slit is discharged outside the machine, and the block larger than the slit is again impacted and ground by the hammer on the stringer until it is smaller than the slit.

The hammer crusher has the advantages of large crushing ratio, uniform discharge size, less pulverized material and low energy consumption. However, due to the faster wear of the hammer head, it is limited in the application of hard material crushing; in addition, because the purlin is afraid of clogging, it is not suitable for crushing the material with high humidity and clay . Such crushers are commonly used to break brittle materials below medium to hard such as limestone, shale , coal, gypsum , and chalk .

A ring crusher that replaces the hammerhead of a hammer crusher with a steel ring is a variant of the hammer crusher. It uses a combination of high-speed impact and low-speed rolling to break up the material, thus obtaining a finer product, mainly used to crush coal for power plants, but also for the crushing of gypsum, salt chemical raw materials and some medium-hard materials.

Impact Crusher

The impact crusher is a machine that utilizes the high-speed impact of the plate hammer and the rebound action of the counter-attack plate to cause the material to be crushed by repeated impacts. The hammer is fixed on the high-speed rotating rotor, and several counter-attack plates are arranged at different angles along the crushing chamber.

When the material enters the action zone of the hammer, it is firstly crushed by the first impact of the hammer, and at the same time, the kinetic energy is obtained, and the counterattack is rushed at a high speed. After the material collides with the counterattack plate and is broken again, it is bounced back to the action area of ​​the hammer and is again impacted by the hammer. This is repeated until it is broken into the desired particle size and discharged out of the machine. Compared with the hammer crusher, the impact crusher has a larger crushing ratio and can more fully utilize the high-speed impact energy of the entire rotor. However, due to the extremely easy wear of the hammer, it is also limited in the application of hard material crushing. It is usually used for coarse, medium or fine crushed limestone, coal, calcium carbide, quartz , dolomite, iron sulfide ore, gypsum and chemical raw materials. Brittle materials below medium hardness.

Ring hammer crusher

Main purpose of ring hammer crusher:

This series of ring hammer crushers is suitable for crushing all kinds of brittle materials, such as coal, coal stone, coke, slag, shale, loose limestone and so on. The compressive strength of the material does not exceed 10 MPa, and the surface moisture is not more than 8%.

The wind-selected hammer crusher is used in industrial sectors such as building materials, bricks, coal, metallurgy, mining, electric power, light industry, etc., for crushing coal, shale, coal slag, carbon, lime, cement, sorghum and medium Hard to brittle material.

Impact crusher

The impact crusher is suitable for the crushing and shaping of soft or medium hard and extremely hard materials. It is widely used in various ores, cement, refractory materials, aluminum clay clinker, corundum, glass raw materials, mechanism construction sand, stone materials and various Metallurgical slag, especially for high-hardness, extra-hard and abrasion-resistant materials such as silicon carbide, silicon carbide, sintered bauxite, and beautiful sand, has higher efficiency than other types of crushers.

The sand and gravel equipment described above is an essential equipment in the sand production line and the stone crushing production line.

The jaw crusher is used for cement, coal preparation , power generation and building materials, and is suitable for crushing medium hardness and brittle materials such as limestone and coal. The maximum compressive strength does not exceed 1500kg/cm2.

Type of mining crusher

Jaw crusher

The crusher is widely used in many sectors such as mining, smelting, building materials, roads, railways, water conservancy and chemical industries. At present, the commonly used crushing machinery includes a jaw crusher, a counter crusher, a wind-selective crusher, a hammer crusher, an impact crusher, a roller crusher, and a composite crusher. The jaw crusher ( jaw crusher) has the characteristics of large crushing ratio, uniform product size, simple structure, reliable operation, simple maintenance and economical operation. The PF-I series impact crusher can process materials with a side length of 100-500 mm or less, and its compressive strength can reach up to 350 MPa. It has the advantages of large crushing ratio, cubic material after crushing, and PF-II series impact crushing. Machine, suitable for crushing medium and hard materials, such as limestone crushing in cement plant, with the advantages of large production capacity and small discharge size.

Some common crushing equipment for crushers and crushers:

The first type: Jaw Crusher is the first choice for primary crushing. It has the characteristics of large crushing ratio, uniform product size, simple structure, reliable operation, simple maintenance and economical operation. Therefore, it is widely used in mining and smelting. Many sectors such as building materials, roads, railways, water conservancy and chemical industries.

The second type: impact crusher, commonly known as sand making machine, is developed with the principle and technology of the famous "stone-rock" crusher of American Barmac, combined with the actual situation of sand production at home and abroad. Horizontal high-energy and low-consumption equipment, its performance plays an irreplaceable role in various ore fine-breaking equipment, and it is the most effective, practical and reliable gravel machine. The crusher is an ideal production equipment for construction sand, road sand, cushion material, asphalt concrete and cement concrete aggregate, so it is widely used.

The third type: the impact crusher has the advantages of simple structure, large crushing ratio, low energy consumption, high output, light weight, and the finished product has a square shape after being crushed. It is widely used in various ore crushing, railways, highways, and energy. , cement, chemical, construction and other industries.

The fourth type: composite crusher is a new type of high-efficiency fine crushing equipment that breaks the hammer and breaks it into one. It has large production capacity, high crushing efficiency, large crushing ratio, small abrasion amount, low energy consumption and good sealing performance. It has outstanding advantages such as stable operation and convenient maintenance. When the building materials enterprise uses the equipment to crush materials such as limestone, coal, coal gangue and cement clinker, it can significantly reduce the grain size of the grinding and increase the output of the mill. It is an ideal energy-saving crushing equipment.

The fifth type: hammer crusher, which has the characteristics of large crushing ratio, high production capacity and uniform product size. The crusher is finely crushed limestone, coal or other brittle materials with medium hardness below the industrial sectors such as metallurgy, building materials, chemical industry and hydropower. One of the main devices.

The sixth type: single-stage crusher has the advantages of large crushing ratio, fine material size, simplified process and low operating cost. It is widely used in cement, ceramics, glass, artificial sand, coal, non-metal mines and new types. Green building materials and other industries.

The seventh type: the roller crusher, suitable for crushing medium hardness materials such as limestone, slag, coke, coal and other materials in the industrial sectors such as cement, chemical, electric power, metallurgy, building materials, refractory materials, etc.

The eighth type: cone crusher, widely used in metal and non-metal mines, cement plants, sand and stone metallurgy and other industries. Applicable to various ores and rocks with fineness and crushing hardness of ≤5~16, such as iron ore, non-ferrous metal ore, granite , limestone, quartzite , sandstone, pebbles, etc.

The ninth type: gear crusher, 2PGL-950×1200 gear crusher is mainly used to crush materials such as limestone, siltstone and coal with compressive strength ≤150MPa. It has the advantages of large feed size, low machine height, light weight and large processing capacity.

The tenth type: composite cone crusher, PYF series cone crusher is widely used in metallurgical industry, building materials industry, road construction industry, chemical industry and silicic acid industry, suitable for crushing various ores and rocks with medium and medium hardness. The machine has the characteristics of large crushing force, high efficiency, high processing capacity, low operating cost, convenient adjustment and economical use.

The eleventh type: fine crusher, PCF fine crusher combines the advantages of the existing hammer, counterattack, impact and other crushers. The hammer, counterattack and stone are completed in one time, and the yield is 5MM. The following accounted for more than 90%, and the discharge granularity can be adjusted, the service life is increased by more than 10 times, the secondary crushing yield is improved, the number of repairs and time is reduced, and the energy consumption per ton of finished products is greatly reduced. The utility model is to adapt to the current artificial mechanism sand industry, and is an alternative product of a rod grinding type, a sand making machine, an impact type sand making machine and a straight type sand making machine.

Crusher technology type

According to the way of crushing force, the crushers can be roughly divided into two categories: (1) crusher; (2) grinding machine.

The crusher generally handles larger pieces of material with a coarser grain size, typically greater than 8 mm. Its structural feature is that there is a certain gap between the crushing members, and they do not touch each other. The crusher can be further divided into a coarse crusher, a medium crusher and a fine crusher. Generally speaking, the material processed by the grinding machine is fine, and the particle size of the product is fine particles, which can reach 0. 074 mm, and even finer. The structural feature is that the crushing components (or media) are in contact with each other, and the medium used is steel balls , steel bars, gravels or nuggets. However, some machines have both crushing and grinding functions, such as self-grinding machines . ∮ 5. 5 × 1. 8 meters from the mill to treat the ore particle size upper limit of 350 ~ 400 mm, product fineness up to -200 mesh accounted for about 40%.

According to the crushing method and the mechanical structural characteristics (action principle), they are roughly classified into six categories.

(1) Jaw crusher (Tiger mouth). The crushing action is to periodically press the movable jaw to the fixed jaw and crush the ore sandwiched therein.

(2) Cone crusher. The ore block is between the inner and outer cones, the outer cone is fixed, and the inner cone is eccentrically oscillated to crush or break the nugget sandwiched therein.

(3) Roller crusher. The nugget is mainly subjected to continuous crushing in the entanglement of two oppositely rotating round rolls, but also has a grinding and peeling action, and the toothed roll surface also has a mashing effect.

(4) Impact crusher. The nuggets are crushed by the impact of the rapidly rotating moving parts. In this category can be divided into: hammer crusher; cage crusher; impact crusher.

(5) Grinding machine. The ore is crushed by the impact and grinding action of the grinding medium (steel ball, steel bar, gravel or nugget) in a rotating cylinder.

(6) Other types of crushing mills.

A roll mill: The material is crushed by a rotating roller.

B. Disk mill: The disc is rotated by a vertical shaft or a horizontal shaft as a crushing member.

C, centrifugal grinding machine. The centrifugal force is generated by the high-speed rotating parts and the medium to complete the crushing action.

D, vibration grinding machine. The high-frequency vibration is generated by the rotating shaft, so that the medium and the material collide with each other to complete the crushing action.

Various types of crushers have different specifications and different ranges of use. At present, the coarse crushing machine is mostly used in the crushing machine or the rotary cone crusher; the medium crushing adopts the standard cone crusher; the fine crushing adopts the short head cone crusher. A bar mill for rough grinding and a ball mill for fine grinding.

Three methods of mining gravel crushed stone

A. Crushing The crushing force generated when the two broken working faces approach is used to break the material. The jaw crusher, roller crusher and cone crusher are all crushing machines based on crushing.

B. Crushing is to use the cleavage force of the sharp teeth to wedge the material to break, the force is concentrated, local fragmentation occurs, and the brittle material is broken.

C. The broken material is like two fulcrum (or multi-point) beams subjected to concentrated load between the broken working faces, so that the material itself is fractured. The crushing and grinding mechanism used in mineral processing often has the combined effect of the above several crushing methods.

Crusher performance and use

Sand making machine

[Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher]

Main features: 1) Sand making machine (sand making machine) is a new type of medium and fine crushed stone equipment developed in the 1990s. It is also widely used in the world to replace the cone crusher, the roll machine and the ball mill.

2) The structure is novel, unique and stable.

3) The sand making machine (sand making machine) has low energy consumption, high output and large crushing ratio.

4) The device is small in size, easy to operate, and easy to install and maintain.

5) The sand making machine (sand making machine) has a shaping function, the product is cubic, and the bulk density is large.

6) During the production process, the stone material can form a protective bottom layer, and the body is wear-free and durable.

7）制砂机（制沙机）少量易磨损件用特硬耐磨材质制成，体积小、重量轻、便于更换配件。

Jaw Crusher

鄂式破碎机

具有破碎比大、产品粒度均匀、结构简单、工作可靠、维修简便、运营费用经济等特点。该系列颚式破碎机广泛运用于矿山、冶炼、建材、公路、铁路、水利和化学工业等众多部门，破碎抗压强度不超过320兆帕的各种物料。鄂破的结构主要有机架、偏心轴、大皮带轮、飞轮、动颚、侧护板、肘板、肘板后座、调隙螺杆、复位弹簧、固定颚板与活动颚板等组成，其中肘板还起到保险作用。

反击式破碎机

反击式破碎机能处理边长100～500毫米以下物料，其抗压强度最高可达350兆帕，具有破碎比大，破碎后物料呈立方体颗粒等优点。反击式破碎机，适用于破碎中硬物料，如水泥厂的石灰石破碎，具有生产能力大，出料粒度小的优点。

辊式破碎机

又叫对辊破碎机或者双棍破碎机。适用于选矿、化学、水泥、建筑材料等工业部门中碎和细碎各种中等硬度以下的矿石和岩石之用。

复合式破碎机

适用于建材、矿业、冶金、化工工业破碎石灰石、熟料、煤及其它矿石，其抗压强度不超过140兆帕湿度不大于15%。复合式破碎机特点：生产能力大；破碎比高，能耗低；密封性好，运转平稳；维护方便。

锤式破碎机使用范围： 锤式破碎机能处理边长不超过500mm 、抗压强度不超过350MPa 的各种粗、中、细物料（花岗岩、石灰石、混凝土等），广泛用于水电、高速公路、人工砂石料、破碎等行业。

锤式破碎机

转子上安装锤头，由锤头对物料进行打击，从而将物料破碎的破碎机，统称为锤式破碎机。

锤式破碎机基本可以分为：单段锤式破碎机、高效锤式破碎机、立轴锤式破碎机、可逆锤式破碎机。

单段锤破用于石灰石的直接破碎，高效锤破用于第二级或者第三级细碎，立轴锤破用于第二级或第三级细碎，可逆锤破用于软性物料的细碎，比如燃煤细碎。

液压圆锥破碎机

液压圆锥破碎机是引进德国最新的技术而开发的具有世界先进水平的高能圆锥破碎机，它不但提高了生产能力和破碎效率，还扩大了应用范围，从石灰石到玄武岩 ，从石料生产到各种矿石破碎，它都可以在各种中碎、细碎、超细碎作业中提供无与伦比的破碎性能。是当今矿山建筑行业替代弹簧圆锥破碎机和更新一般液压圆锥破碎机的最新一代产品，是大型石料厂和矿业破碎的最理想设备。

复合破碎机

复合破碎机是从国外的某机型为参考而独立研发出来的立轴式的锤击破碎机，效果非常好，破碎粒度完全能控制在0-5MM，非常适合在建材、矿业、冶金、化工工业破碎石灰石、熟料、煤|、化肥及其它矿石，其抗压强度不超过250MP湿度不大于15%的应用。复合破碎机特点：生产能力大；破碎比高，能耗低；密封性好，运转平稳；维护方便。

破碎机中颚式破碎机和反击式破碎机的区别

反击式破碎机

反击式破碎机使用范围：能处理边长不超过500mm 、抗压强度不超过350MPa 的各种粗、中、细物料（花岗岩、石灰石、混凝土等），广泛用于水电、高速公路、人工砂石料、破碎等行业。

反击式破碎机性能特点： 结构独特、无键连接、高铬板锤、独特的反击衬板；硬岩破碎、高效节能；产品形状呈立方体，排料粒度大小可调，简化破碎流程。

反击式破碎机工作原理： 工作时，在电动机的带动下，转子高速旋转，物料进入后，与转子上的板锤撞击破碎，然后又被反击到衬板上再次破碎，最后从出料口排出。

选矿厂或砂石厂的在生产中用的最多的就是颚式破碎机。该机与其它破碎机相比，具有成本低，效率高等优点。

反击式破碎机启动前检验工作

（1）漏斗是否阻塞，给矿量是否偏向一侧。

（2）电机的负荷、温升、声音状况。

（3）请求有空隙部位是否有摩擦表象（特别是动鄂轴部位）。

（4）推力板与撑持垫间的互相合作位子是否正常，是否倾斜与串移。

（5）各部轴承温度不应超出50-60度。

（6）各滑腻点的油量情形，是否妥当。

（7）油泵、油环等运转是否正常，油管是否阻塞。

（8）运行情况（轰动及声响）是否正常。

（9）各部螺丝紧固是否宽裕。

(10)弹簧松紧情形是否正常。

鄂式破碎机

鄂式破碎机对耐磨的要求都非常的高，一般选用的材质为高耐磨锰钢衬板。该机工作的时候，它的破碎腔里边两块颚板（锰钢），一块颚板是固定不动的又称作（定颚），它是以上端略向外边倾斜）固定在破碎机腔体前壁上，另一个颚板是来回活动的我们俗称（动颚）也叫颚舌，位置倾斜，正好与固定的颚板形成一个梯形上大下小的破碎腔（工作腔）。

活动的颚板对着固定颚板进行压碎带揉搓的往复运动，继而分开，继而靠近。两个颚板分开的时候，物料立马进入破碎腔，这个时候，已经破碎好的成品从破碎机的底部排出；当两个颚板靠到一起时，使进到破碎腔的物料受到两个颚板的挤压带揉搓的作用力，从而对物料进行弯折和劈裂作用从而使物料破碎。对物料进行实现破碎的全过程。

振动破碎机是依据国外同类产品进行改进设计的高效振动破碎机，主要用于树脂砂的砂块破碎。振动破碎机采用悬浮振动的原理，振动电机产生激振力矩，使砂块一定的振动规律振动，通过相互碰撞、磨擦使砂粒达到破碎的目的。

破碎机相关配件

破碎机的种类（鄂式破碎机、反击式破碎机、锤式破碎机等）有很多种，把常见的几种破碎机配件写出来，仅供参考。

1、鄂式破碎机配件：颚板、边护板、肘板等；

2、反击式破碎机配件：板锤、反击块等；

3、锤式破碎机配件：锤头、衬板、筛板等；

4、圆锥式破碎机配件：破碎壁、轧臼壁等。

颚式破碎机的类型和构造

鄂式破碎机出现于1858年。它虽然是一种古老的碎矿设备，但是由于具有构造简单，工作可靠，制造容易，维修方便等优点，所以至今仍在冶金矿山、建筑材料、化工和铁路等部门获得广泛应用。在金属矿山中，它多半用于对坚硬或中硬矿石进行粗碎和中碎。鄂式破碎机通常都是按照可动鄂板（动鄂）的运动特性来进行分类的，工业中应用最广泛的主要有两种类型：

1）动鄂作简单摆动的双肘板机构（所谓简摆式）的鄂式破碎机;

2）动鄂作复杂摆动的单肘板机构（所谓复摆式）的鄂式破碎机。近年来，液压技术在碎矿设备上得到应用，出现了液压鄂式破碎机

（a）—简摆鄂式破碎机；

（b）—复摆鄂式破碎机；

（c）—液压鄂式破碎机

可动鄂板的运动是借助连杆、推力板机构来实现的。它是由飞轮7、偏心轴8、连杆9、前推力板和后推力板13组成。飞轮分别装在偏心轴的两端，偏心轴支承在机架侧壁的主轴承中，连杆上部装在偏心轴上，前、后推力板的一端分别支承在连杆下部两侧的肘板支座14上，前推力板的另一端支承在动鄂下部的肘板支座中，后推力板的另一端支承在机架后壁的肘板支座上。当电动机通过皮带轮带动偏心轴旋转时，使连杆产生运动。连杆的上下运动，带动推力板运动。由于推力板的运动不断改变倾斜角度的结果，于是可动鄂板就围绕悬挂轴作往复运动，从而破碎矿石。当动鄂向前摆动时，水平拉杆通过弹簧10来平衡动鄂和推力板所产生的惯性力，使动鄂和推力板紧密结合，不致于分离。当动鄂后退时，弹簧又可起协助作用。

飞轮由于鄂式破碎机是间断工作的，即有工作行程和空转行程，所以，它的电动机的负荷极不均衡。为使负荷均匀，就要在动鄂向后移动（离开固定鄂板）时，把空转行程的能量储存起来，以便在工作行程（进行破碎矿石）时，再将能量全部释放出去。利用惯性的原理，在偏心轴两端各装设一个飞轮就能达到这个目的。为了简化机器结构，通常都把其中一个飞轮兼作传递动力用的皮带轮。对于采用两个电动机分别驱动的大型鄂式破碎机，两个飞轮都制成皮带轮，即皮带轮同时也起飞轮作用。

偏心轴或主轴它是破碎机的重要零件，简摆鄂式破碎机的动鄂悬挂轴又叫心轴。偏心轴是带动连杆作上下运动的主要零件，由于它们工作时承受很大的破碎力，一般都采用优质合金钢制作。根据我国资源状况，大型鄂式破碎机的偏心轴以采用锰钼 钒 、锰钼硼和铬钼等合金钢较为合适。小型鄂式破碎机则采用45号钢制造。偏心轴应进行调质或正火热处理，以提高强度和耐磨性能。主轴一般采用45号钢材。

连杆只有简摆鄂式破碎机才有，它是由连杆体和连杆头组成。由于工作时承受拉力，故用铸钢制作。连杆体有整体的和组合的两种，前者多用于中、小型鄂式破碎机，后者主要用于大型鄂式破碎机。为了减少连杆的惯性作用，应力求减轻连杆体的重量，所以，中、小型鄂式破碎机一般采用“工”字、“十”字形断面结构，而大型鄂式破碎机则采用箱形断面形式。对于液压鄂式破碎机来讲，连杆体内还装有一个液压油缸（活塞），在机器超负荷时起保险作用。

推力板又名肘板，它既是向动鄂传递运动的零件，又是破碎机的保险装置。推力板在工作中承受压力，一般采用铸铁整体铸成，也有铸成两块，再用铆钉或螺栓联接起来的。推力板的两端部（肘头）磨损最严重。为了增加肘头的耐磨性，有时将肘头与推力板分开制造，而且肘头部分应作冷硬处理，但最好是改变他们的结构形式，如采用滚动接触，以利于形成润滑油膜，减少磨损。

调整装置它是破碎机排矿口大小的调整机构。随着破碎齿板的磨损，排矿口逐渐增大，破碎产品粒度不断变粗。为了保证产品粒度的要求，必须利用调整装置，定期地调整排矿口尺寸。 鄂式破碎机的排矿口调整方法主要有三种形式：

1）垫片调整。在后推力板支座和机架后壁之间，放入一组厚度相等的垫片。

利用增加或减少垫片层的数量，使破碎机的排矿口减小或增大。这种方法可以多级调整，机器结构比较紧凑，可以减轻设备重量，但调整时一定要停车。大型鄂式破碎机多用这种调整方法。

2）楔块调整。借助后推力板支座与机架后壁之间的两个楔块的相对移动来实现破碎机排矿口的调整。转动螺栓上的螺帽，使调整楔块沿着机架的后壁作上升或下降移动，带动前楔块"向前或向后移动，从而推动推力板或动鄂，以达到排矿口调整的目的。此法可以达到无级调整，调整方便，节省时间，不必停车调整，但增加了机器的尺寸和重量。中、小型鄂式破碎机常常采用这种调整装置。

鄂式破碎机采用液压保险装置，既可靠安全，又易于排除故障。这种破碎机的连杆上装有一个液压油缸和活塞，油缸与连杆上部联接，活塞与推力板支座衔接。正常工作时，油缸内充满压力油，活塞和油缸相当于一个整体连杆。当破碎腔进入非破碎物体时，连杆受力迅速增大，油缸内油压突然增高，推开液流阀，压力油被挤出，活塞与油缸松开。此时，连杆油缸虽然仍随偏心轴的转动而上下运动，但连杆活塞不动，故推力板和动鄂亦不摆动，起到保险装置的作用。随着液压技术的不断发展，这种破碎机必将获得广泛应用。

值得注意的是，采用连杆头上的螺栓或飞轮上的销钉（键），作为鄂式破碎机的保险装置是不够合适的。鄂式破碎机简称鄂破，该系列产品具有破碎比大、产品粒度均匀、结构简单、工作可靠、维修简便、运营费用经济等特点。鄂破机( 颚破机) 广泛运用于矿山、冶炼、建材、公路、铁路、水利和化学工业等众多部门，破碎抗压强度不超过320 兆帕的各种物料。

鄂式破碎机用途和使用范围：

1 、该系列鄂式破碎机（鄂破）主要用于冶金、矿山、化工、水泥、建筑、耐火材料及陶瓷等工业部门作中碎和细碎各种中硬矿石和岩石用。

2 、该系列颚式破碎机（颚破）最适宜于破碎抗压强度不高于300MPa （兆帕）的各种软硬矿石，被破碎物料的最大块度不得大于技术参数表所规定。

颚式破碎机工作原理：

该系列颚式破碎机（颚破）工作方式为曲动挤压型，其工作原理是：电动机驱动皮带和皮带轮，通过偏心轴使动颚上下运动，当动颚上升时肘板与动颚间夹角变大，从而推动动颚板向固定颚板接近，与其同时物料被压碎或劈碎，达到破碎的目的；当动颚下行时，肘板与动颚夹角变小，动颚板在拉杆，弹簧的作用下，离开固定颚板，此时已破碎物料从破碎腔下口排出。随着电动机连续转动而破碎机动颚作周期运动压碎和排泄物料，实现批量生产。

双辊破碎机安装与维护：

机器的维护保养是一项极其重要的经常性的工作，它应与极其的操作和检修等密切配合，应有专职人员进行值班检查。

一.机器的维护：

1、轴承

破碎机的轴承担负机器的全部负荷，所以良好的润滑对轴承寿命有很大的关系，它直接影响到机器的使用寿命和运转率，因而要求注入的润滑油必须清洁，密封必须良好，本机器的主要注油处（1）转动轴承（2）轧辊轴承（3）所有齿轮（4）活动轴承、滑动平面。

2、新安装的轮箍容易发生松动必须经常进行检查．

3、注意机器各部位的工作是否正常。

4、注意检查易磨损件的磨损程度，随时注意更换被磨损的零件。

5、放活动装置的底架平面，应出去灰尘等物以免机器遇到不能破碎的物料时活动轴承不能在底架上移动，以致发生严重事故。

6、轴承油温升高，应立即停车检查原因加以消除。

7、转动齿轮在运转时若有冲击声应立即停车检查，并消除。

二.安装试车

1、该设备应安装在水平的混凝土基础上，用地脚螺栓固定。

2、安装时应注意主机体与水平的垂直。

3、安装后检查各部位螺栓有无松动及主机仓门是否紧固，如有请进行紧固。

4、按设备的动力配置电源线和控制开关。

5、检查完毕，进行空负荷试车，试车正常即可进行生产。

破碎机安全操作规程

一、 一般规定

第1条转载机、破碎机司机必须经过培训，达到“三懂”（懂结构、懂性能、 懂原理）、“四会”（会使用、会维护、会保养、会处理故障），经培训考试合格，取得合格证后，方准上岗操作。

第2条与工作面刮板输送司机、运输巷带式输送机司机密切配合，统一信号联系，按顺序开、停开。有大块煤、矸在破碎机的进料口堆积外溢时，应停止工和面刮板输送机运转。若大块煤，矸不能进入破转机或有金属物件时，必须停机处理。

二、 准备、检查与处理

准备： 1、工具：扳手、钳子、螺丝刀、小锤、铁锹等；

2、必要的备品配件：各种短接链、链环、螺栓、螺母、破碎机的保险销子等；

3、润滑油、透平油

检查与处理：

1、电动机、减速器、液压联轴节、机头、机尾等各部分的联接件必须齐全、完好、紧固。减速器、液压器轴节应无渗油、漏油，油量要适当。

2、信号必须灵敏可靠，没有信号不准开机。喷雾洒水装置要保证完好。

3、电源电缆、操作线必须挂整齐，无受挤压现象；

4、机头附近的煤、矸石、杂物及电动机、减速器煤尘必须清扫清净；

5、工作面刮输送机机头与转载机机尾的搭接要合适；

6、刮板链板紧要适中，刮板及螺丝必须齐全紧固；

7、转载机行走小车必须平稳可靠；

8、转载机桥身部分情况下开机时，各部伯的运转应无异常声音，刮板、链条、连接环应无扭挠、扭麻花、弯曲变形；

9、破碎机、破碎机处的巷道支护必须完好，牢固。

10、破碎机的安全保护网及保护装置，要保证不变形不失效、安全可靠；

11、转载机、破碎机处的巷道支护必须完好，牢固。

三、 操作及其注意事项

1、合上磁力起动器手把送电；

2、手按按钮点开二、三次；

3、起动、空转1 ~2周;

4、转载机、破碎机联合运转；

5、检查无异常、发出开机信号。

6、运行中机械和电动机要无震动，声音和湿度要正常，各轴承温度不超过75℃，电动机温度不得超过厂家规定。

7、转载机的链条松紧必须一致，在满负荷情况下，链条松紧量不允许超过两个链环长度，不得有卡链、跳链现象。

8、转载机联转节的易熔塞或易炸片损坏后，不得用木头或其它材料代替。

9、破碎机的保护网安全装置应保持完好，在工作过程中要经常检查，如有损坏应立即停机处理。

10、转载机的机尾保护等安全装置必须保证完好。

11、移转载机。（1）、清理机尾、机身两侧及过桥下的浮煤、浮矸；（2）、保护好电缆、水管、油管、并吊挂整齐；（3）、检查巷道支护，在确保安全的情况下推移转载机；（4）、行走小车与带式输送机机尾架要接触良好，不跑偏，移设后搭接良好，防止大块煤矸砸伤胶带，保证煤流畅通；（5）、移转载机后，机头、机尾要保持平、直、稳、千斤顶活杆要收回。

四、收尾工作1、工作面采煤机停止割煤，推移工作面刮板输送机后，把刮板输送机、破碎机和转载机内的煤全部拉完。2、将机、机尾和机

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