Two different components of the conductor (known as a thermocouple wire or thermoelectrode) join together to form a loop. When the temperature of the two junctions is different, an electromotive force is generated in the loop. This phenomenon is called the thermoelectric effect . This electromotive force is called thermoelectric power. Thermocouples use this principle for temperature measurement, in which the end that is used directly to measure the temperature of a medium is called the working end (also called the measuring end), and the other end is called the cold end (also called the compensation end); the cold end and the display The meter or associated meter is connected and the meter indicates the thermoelectric potential generated by the thermocouple.

Thermal electromotive force generated by thermocouples. Its size is only related to the temperature of the hot electrode material and both ends, and has nothing to do with the length and diameter of the hot electrode.

 

The size of the thermoelectromotive force in the thermocouple circuit is only related to the temperature of the conductor material and the two contacts that make up the thermocouple, and is independent of the shape and size of the thermocouple. When thermocouple two-electrode material is fixed, the thermo-electromotive force is the two junction temperature t and t0 . Function difference   .

 

This relationship has been widely used in actual temperature measurement. Because the cold end t0 is constant, the thermo-electromotive force generated by the thermocouple changes only with the change of the hot end ( measurement end ) temperature, that is, a certain thermal electromotive force corresponds to a certain temperature. We can achieve the purpose of temperature measurement by measuring the thermoelectromotive force [1]    .

 

 

When both ends of the temperature gradient exists, there will be a current through the circuit, when there is an electromotive force between both ends - thermoelectromotive force, which is the so-called Seebeck effect (Seebeck effect). The two different compositions of homogeneous conductors are hot electrodes, with the higher temperature end being the working end, the lower temperature end being the free end, and the free end generally being at a constant temperature. According to the function of the thermoelectromotive force and the temperature, a thermocouple index table is made; the index table is obtained when the free end temperature is 0 °C, and different thermocouples have different index tables.

 

When the access circuit thermocouple third metal material, as long as the temperature of the two contacts of the same material, the heat generated by the thermocouple potential will remain unchanged, the influence of the metal is not subject to access the third loop. Therefore, when the thermocouple measures temperature, it can be connected to the measuring instrument . After the thermoelectromotive force is measured, the temperature of the measured medium can be known. When the thermocouple measures the temperature, the temperature of the cold end (the measuring end is the hot end and the end connected to the measuring circuit through the lead wire is called the cold end) remains unchanged, and the thermoelectric potential size has a certain proportional relationship with the measuring temperature. If the temperature of the cold end (ambient) changes during measurement, the accuracy of the measurement will be seriously affected. Take some measures at the cold end to compensate for the effects of changes in the cold junction temperature. The cold junction compensation known as a thermocouple is normal. Compensating wires connected with special measuring instruments.

 

Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation method:

From millivolt to temperature: measure the cold junction temperature, convert to the corresponding millivolt value, and add the thermocouple's millivolt value to convert the temperature;

From temperature to millivolt: The actual temperature and the cold junction temperature are measured and converted to millivolts, respectively, and the millivolt value is subtracted to obtain the temperature.

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