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[ China Agricultural Machinery Industry News ] CCTV News: This autumn's autumn harvest is nearing completion. At this time of the year, the burning of crop straw has always been the focus of attention. In recent years, local governments have introduced strict bans on burning, but the reporter learned from the Satellite Environmental Application Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection that the data from satellite remote sensing monitoring shows that the situation of straw ban in China is still severe this year, especially in the Northeast.
From September 20, 2017 to November 15, 2017, the Satellite Environment Application Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection monitored 3,638 straw burning points nationwide, an increase of about 73% over the same period last year. Under the high-pressure ban, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and surrounding areas have seen a decline in fire spots. Among them, Shandong Province has decreased by about 82%, Shanxi Province has decreased by about 66%, and Henan Province has not been discovered. But the situation in the Northeast has become more and more serious. The number of fire spots monitored in Heilongjiang Province increased by about 41%, while Jilin Province increased by 783%.
Zhang Lijuan, Engineer of the Atmospheric Remote Sensing Department of the Satellite Environment Application Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection: From the fire spot monitoring report on November 2, it is mainly Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang is 164 fire spots, 17 fire spots in Jilin, and then there are some sporadic fire spots in Shanxi, Anhui and Inner Mongolia.
According to experts, burning straw will produce particulate matter, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other pollutants, which will cause pollution to the atmosphere under adverse conditions. Unlike coal-fired boiler chimneys up to 100 meters, the impact of straw burning is generally low-level air, so the pollution of urban and rural air is more direct. In response to this problem, Harbin City requires that in the event of a straw burning point, the local farmers will be dealt with according to law. In Jilin Province, individuals who do not listen to dissuasion and arbitrarily burn straw in open air shall be punished according to the relevant provisions of public security administration; if serious consequences constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law. But such a strict ban has not stopped the burning of straw. In late October, the air pollution index in Harbin for several consecutive days reached a serious pollution level. On November 3rd, the three cities of Harbin, Daqing and Suihua had to start joint prevention and control of air pollution and jointly promote the comprehensive utilization of straw and the ban on burning.
Straw returning to the field is difficult to deforestation is the trend
Incineration of straw has caused serious pollution to the environment. If the straw does not burn, then how to use it, many people first think of it is to break the field. This method has indeed solved the problem of air pollution to a certain extent, but the reporter's investigation found that long-term high-frequency straw returning to the field has also had some adverse effects on agricultural production itself.
At present, the annual output of various types of straw in China is about 1 billion tons, of which wheat and corn stalks account for the majority. With the advancement of comprehensive utilization of straw, the average utilization rate of straw in China has reached 70%. But half of them took the way of breaking the land on the spot. However, a large amount of straw is returned to the field directly every year, but it is difficult to completely decompose it.
Villagers in Shiping Village, Andu Township, Weihui City, Henan Province: We have been returning straw to the field for more than ten years. This is the wheat stalk of the previous season. It has not rotted this year and covered a layer. Now there is still below.
In Weihui City, Henan Province, the corn was just finished, and the winter wheat was planted. The reporter walked in the field and saw a lot of corn stalks scattered everywhere in the soil. The germination of the wheat seedlings was also affected.
Wu Qinggui, Shiping Village, Andu Township, Weihui City, Henan Province: There are too many corn stalks in this place. You see there are wheat seeds here. It does not germinate. It needs soil for germination.
Reporter: Can this straw be rotted in a year?
Wu Qinggui: I can't get rid of it in a year. It has to return to the fields every year, two seasons a year.
Some farmers told reporters that after years of returning to the field, the thickness of the soil layer mixed with a large number of crop straws has generally reached 40 cm. In the past, only one pound of wheat was needed to be sprinkled on an acre of land, and now it is necessary to sprinkle three or fourty pounds to reach the same yield. In addition, in order to kill the eggs attached to the straw and accelerate the decomposition process, it is also necessary to increase the amount of pesticides and fertilizers used. This is not only not conducive to the improvement of the soil, but also increases the burden on farmers.
Villagers in Songguhe Village, Wuqiang County, Hengshui City, Hebei Province: This year, one acre of land, two seasons, it is not bad to drop five hundred dollars. When you harvest, you can spend seven or eighty dollars on straw, this mu of land. Not only will you turn your seeds into fertilizer, you have to go in.
Reporter: Do you think this will continue?
Villagers in Songguhe Village, Wuqiang County, Hengshui City, Hebei Province: If you don't make money, you don't plant it. If you don't lose money, you will plant it.
Agricultural experts believe that straw returning to the field is a way of natural circulation of matter. However, China's agricultural production is already a large-scale commercialized industry. If such a large amount of crop straw is to be decomposed in one time, the natural decomposition ability of the land alone is far from enough. In order to deal with this excess straw, you need to find an alternative.
Large-scale collection of straw comprehensive utilization should keep up
Experts also said that the collection of straw and industrial processing should be the direction of future development. In recent years, in response to the use of straw, all localities are also trying new methods. However, the reporter also found in the survey that if you want these processing methods to be truly transformed into productivity, there are still some problems that need to be solved.
This ecological board industry limited company in Hubei Public Security County specializes in the production of building boards with crop straw. After the process of sizing, high-temperature pressing, etc., the artificial board produced has high strength and does not contain formaldehyde. In the past, the straw raw materials of this company were mainly collected and transported by the farmers to the acquisition site. The purchase price of one ton of straw was 260 yuan. However, due to the fluffy texture of the crop straw, low added value and high transportation cost, some farmers have not collected the enthusiasm, and the amount of straw collected cannot be guaranteed.
Zhao Ping, the straw recycling station in Zhangzhuangpu Town, Public Security County, Hubei Province: Before the harvest, it should be dried, and it should be tied up. It must be rain-proof, and there are many details.
Villagers in Xinrong Village, Zhangzhuangpu Town, Public Security County, Hubei Province: There are many people who are not willing. It’s not worthwhile for us to do these things, like ours. Just like my day, I did it twice, and I earned it a hundred dollars.
In order to increase the efficiency of the front-end storage and storage, the company is organizing a straw harvesting team in some villages and towns of the public security county. The company provides a special harvesting and bundling machine to collect straw for farmers free of charge, saving farmers' labor.
In a chemical plant in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, the technology of using corn stalks to make biomass carbon-based fertilizers has also begun to be put into use. After the straw is compressed into pellets in situ, it is sent to a specially developed oxygen-free carbonization furnace for treatment, and the produced biomass charcoal is a good material for making fertilizer.
But at present, the big problem facing the company's expansion of production is also in the collection of raw materials. The status quo of land use in some rural areas has greatly reduced the efficiency of the front-end storage and storage, and indirectly increased the cost.
Niu Wenyong, Technical Department of Biomass New Materials Co., Ltd.: We have a lot of responsibility in this area, which is not conducive to mechanization. (Good) Put it together in a village (the land), we collect it together, otherwise the machine is a bit wasteful.
Professor Pan Genxing, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Eco-Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University: For the industrialized production of decentralized management, how to become a large-scale centralized use, this contradiction needs our government to guide and solve.
In addition, experts also suggested that the establishment of professional straw collection teams should be encouraged, and cross-regional collection operations should be organized according to the harvest time in each region. This can further reduce the cost of straw collection and promote the expansion of the straw processing industry.
Straw deforestation is a comprehensive problem
On the one hand, farmers are dealing with straw headaches. On the other hand, straw processing enterprises are faced with the problem of difficult straw collection. Therefore, it is not only an environmental issue to achieve straw burning, but it is actually a serious need to face. Industrial problems. Now it seems that how to prevent farmers from adding extra burdens due to straw treatment and allowing enterprises to collect straw with higher efficiency and lower cost is a key to the rapid and healthy development of this industry. To solve this problem well, all relevant departments need to think about ways. (Original title: Straw returning to the field, it is difficult to burn the form is not optimistic experts: industrial processing is the direction)